Table 3.
Association of SES category by assets and maternal and perinatal outcomes for pregnant women in Accra, Ghana
| Model | Socioeconomic status by assets | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | Middle | High | SES score | |||||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | Ref. | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Maternal outcomes | ||||||||
| Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy | Crude | 0.90 (0.51–1.59) | 0.72 | 1.00 | 1.29 (0.71–2.36) | 0.41 | 1.08 (0.99–1.18) | 0.10 |
| Adjusted | 0.99 (0.55–1.76) | 0.97 | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.58–2.09) | 0.78 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 0.46 | |
| PPH > 500 ml | Crude | 1.69 (0.59–4.78) | 0.33 | 1.00 | 1.90 (0.60–5.99) | 0.27 | 1.04 (0.88–1.22) | 0.69 |
| Adjusted | 1.85 (0.65–5.31) | 0.25 | 1.87 (0.59–5.92) | 0.29 | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | 0.84 | ||
| Vaginal vs instrumental/CS delivery | Crude | 1.51 (0.91–2.52) | 0.11 | 1.67 (0.95–2.96) | 0.08 | 1.00 (0.92–1.10) | 0.96 | |
| Adjusted | 1.74 (1.03–2.94) | 0.04* | 1.65 (0.92–2.98) | 0.09 | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) | 0.63 | ||
| Perinatal outcomes | ||||||||
| Miscarriage | Crude | 1.54 (1.02–2.33) | 0.04* | 0.97 (0.59–1.66) | 0.97 | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) | 0.07 | |
| Adjusted | 1.61 (1.06–2.45) | 0.03* | 1.02 (0.60–1.71) | 0.95 | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | 0.06 | ||
| Perinatal mortality | Crude | 0.88 (0.23–3.31) | 0.85 | 0.73 (0.14–3.80) | 0.71 | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | 0.59 | |
| Adjusted | 0.84 (0.22–3.16) | 0.79 | 0.74 (0.14–3.87) | 0.72 | 0.94 (0.72–1.23) | 0.66 | ||
| Stillbirth | Crude | 3.33 (0.35–32.21) | 0.30 | 3.69 (0.33–40.98) | 0.29 | 0.94 (0.65–1.35) | 0.72 | |
| Adjusted | 3.25 (0.33–31.56) | 0.31 | 3.48 (0.31–38.96) | 0.31 | 0.94 (0.65–1.34) | 0.73 | ||
| Low birthweight | Crude | 1.38 (0.72–2.63) | 0.33 | 1.46 (0.71–3.01) | 0.31 | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) | 0.77 | |
| Adjusted | 1.33 (0.70–2.55) | 0.38 | 1.50 (0.73–3.11) | 0.27 | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 0.63 | ||
| Macrosomia | Crude | 0.51 (0.25–1.07) | 0.07 | 0.62 (0.27–1.41) | 0.25 | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 0.83 | |
| Adjusted | 0.55 (0.26–1.14) | 0.11 | 0.60 (0.26–1.38) | 0.23 | 1.00 (0.88–1.14) | 0.99 | ||
| Preterm birth | Crude | 1.30 (0.71–2.36) | 0.39 | 0.85 (0.39–1.85) | 0.68 | 0.96 (0.85–1.08) | 0.52 | |
| Adjusted | 1.35 (0.74–2.46) | 0.33 | 0.85 (0.39–1.84) | 0.67 | 0.95 (0.85–1.08) | 0.45 | ||
|
Apgar score < 7 after 5 min |
Crude | 2.04 (0.80–5.22) | 0.14 | 1.26 (0.39–4.05) | 0.70 | 0.95 (0.79–1.13) | 0.54 | |
| Adjusted | 2.00 (0.78–5.13) | 0.15 | 1.28 (0.40–4.12) | 0.68 | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | 0.58 | ||
| B (CI 95%) | P value | B (CI 95%) | P value | B (CI 95%) | P value | |||
| Birthweight (g) | Crude | −59.50 (− 138.80–19.81) | 0.14 | −28.69 (− 120.44–63.06) | 0.54 | 4.13 (−10.30–18.55) | 0.58 | |
| Adjusted | −46.15 (− 125.24–32.95) | 0.25 | −28.66 (−120.32–63.00) | 1.24 (−13.31–15.79) | 0.87 | |||
OR odds ratio, PPH post partum hemorrhage, CS cesarean section. *p < 0.05