Table 2.

CM-based DDS for the treatment of IBD

Carrier	Experiment model	Encapsulated cargoes	Status	Therapeutic application and observations	References
NPs derived from ginger	DSS-induced colitis mouse model	–	In vitro and in vivo	Oral administration of GDNPs increased the survival and proliferation of IECs, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokines in colitis models	[119]
NPs derived from ginger	Colon-26 and RAW 264.7 cells, normal mice	siCD98	In vitro and in vivo	Ginger-derived lipid vesicles can encapsulate siCD98 and a very low dose of siCD98 after oral administration specifically and efficiently reduced colonic CD98 gene expression	[120]
Angelica polysaccharide	TNBS-induced UC in rats	Dexamethasone (Dex)	In vivo	The Angelica polysaccharide-Dex conjugate greatly reduced the systemic immunosuppression caused by Dex and effectively conveyed Dex to the large intestine	[126]
Inulin	DSS-induced colitis mouse model	Budesonide	In vivo	The redox-sensitive NPs, based on amphiphilic inulin, specifically delivered budesonide to the inflamed colon tissue and exerted excellent therapeutic efficacy in comparison to drug suspension in colitis mice model	[131]
In situ self-spray coating system (DTPA dianhydride, SBC, SDS)	Caco-2 cells, raw 264.7 macrophage, DSS-induced rat colitis	Diallyl trisulfide (DATS)	In vitro and in vivo	Rectal administration of the DATS-loaded self-spray system produced exogenous H2S and suppressed the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibited the adhesion of macrophages on the vascular endothelium, and repaired colonic inflamed tissues	[136]