Table 3.

Associations of ln(klotho) With Frailty Status at the 3- and 6-Year Visits, InCHIANTI Participants Aged ≥65 Years

Model	Category	Odds ratio†	95% Confidence interval	p-Value
Model 1	Frail	0.46	(0.24, 0.89)	.021
	Prefrail	0.89	(0.58, 1.36)	.59
	Robust	Ref
Model 2	Frail	0.46	(0.21, 0.98)	.045
	Prefrail	0.94	(0.62, 1.43)	.77
	Robust	Ref

Note: Model 1: Adjustment for visit, age, sex, frailty status at enrollment, and visit-by-age and sex-by-age interactions.

Model 2: Additional adjustment for eGFR, smoking, BMI categories, years of education, sex-by-education interaction, MMSE, and comorbid conditions (hypertension, stroke, diabetes, congestive heart failure, and osteoporosis).

^†Per one unit higher ln(klotho) in pg/mL. The standard deviation (SD) of ln(klotho) was 0.36. To convert odds ratio units into per one SD higher ln(klotho), raise the odds ratio to the power 0.36. For example, the odds ratio of frailty per one SD higher ln(klotho) in Model 2 is 0.46^0.36 = 0.76.