Table 2.
Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between male sex and childhood cancer by cancer type, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 (2000–2014)
| Unadjusted model |
Model A* |
Model B† |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer type | Female No. (%) | Male No. (%) | HR (95% CI) | Female No. (%) | Male No. (%) | HR (95% CI) | Female No. (%) | Male No. (%) | HR (95% CI) |
| Ia Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | 5235 (43.4) | 6814 (56.6) | 1.24 (1.12 to 1.37) | 5162 (43.5) | 6702 (56.5) | 1.14 (1.03 to 1.27) | |||
| Ib Acute myeloid leukemia | 1311 (47.3) | 1459 (52.7) | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.11) | 1280 (47.2) | 1432 (52.8) | 0.97 (0.85 to 1.10) | |||
| IIa Hodgkin lymphoma | 1928 (45.9) | 2271 (54.1) | 0.82 (0.63 to 1.06) | 1905 (46.0) | 2238 (54.0) | 0.91 (0.70 to 1.19) | 1856 (46.1) | 2169 (53.9) | 0.92 (0.70 to 1.21) |
| IIb Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 1146 (36.7) | 1975 (63.3) | 0.97 (0.80 to 1.17) | 1128 (36.9) | 1932 (63.1) | 0.97 (0.81 to 1.18) | 1070 (36.8) | 1834 (63.2) | 0.92 (0.76 to 1.11) |
| IIc Burkitt lymphoma | 161 (18.7) | 699 (81.3) | 0.98 (0.59 to 1.64) | 160 (18.9) | 687 (81.1) | 1.01 (0.60 to 1.71) | 157 (19.0) | 670 (81.0) | 1.02 (0.60 to 1.73) |
| IIIa Ependymomas | 418 (46.3) | 485 (53.7) | 1.36 (1.05 to 1.77) | 410 (46.1) | 479 (53.9) | 1.49 (1.14 to 1.94) | 398 (46.5) | 457 (53.5) | 1.52 (1.15 to 2.00) |
| IIIb Astrocytomas | 2176 (48.0) | 2358 (52.0) | 1.10 (0.96 to 1.26) | 2134 (48.0) | 2310 (52.0) | 1.09 (0.95 to 1.26) | 2051 (47.9) | 2232 (52.1) | 1.11 (0.96 to 1.28) |
| IIIc.1 Medulloblastoma | 483 (36.6) | 837 (63.4) | 1.04 (0.84 to 1.28) | 476 (36.5) | 829 (63.5) | 1.05 (0.85 to 1.30) | 468 (36.6) | 810 (63.4) | 1.08 (0.87 to 1.33) |
| IIIc.2 Peripheral neuroectodermal tumor | 235 (44.2) | 297 (55.8) | 1.09 (0.84 to 1.42) | 233 (44.1) | 295 (55.9) | 1.17 (0.90 to 1.53) | 225 (44.5) | 281 (55.5) | 1.12 (0.85 to 1.47) |
| IVa Neuroblastoma | 1293 (48.4) | 1381 (51.6) | 1.28 (1.09 to 1.51) | 1261 (48.0) | 1364 (52.0) | 1.33 (1.12 to 1.56) | 1182 (47.5) | 1305 (52.5) | 1.06 (0.90 to 1.26) |
| V Retinoblastoma | 421 (47.6) | 464 (52.4) | 1.14 (0.51 to 2.58) | 417 (48.1) | 450 (51.9) | 1.37 (0.60 to 3.16) | 380 (47.1) | 427 (52.9) | 1.45 (0.57 to 3.66) |
| VIa Nephroblastoma | 1074 (52.2) | 982 (47.8) | 0.94 (0.70 to 1.25) | 1053 (52.3) | 961 (47.7) | 0.98 (0.73 to 1.32) | 1017 (52.2) | 933 (47.8) | 0.94 (0.70 to 1.26) |
| VIIa Hepatoblastoma | 225 (37.5) | 375 (62.5) | 1.29 (0.87 to 1.90) | 223 (38.1) | 362 (61.9) | 1.34 (0.90 to 1.99) | 217 (38.3) | 349 (61.7) | 1.31 (0.87 to 1.98) |
| VIIIa Osteosarcoma | 782 (44.9) | 961 (55.1) | 1.29 (1.08 to 1.53) | 773 (44.9) | 949 (55.1) | 1.21 (1.02 to 1.45) | 749 (45.0) | 917 (55.0) | 1.16 (0.97 to 1.39) |
| VIIIc Ewing sarcoma | 375 (38.7) | 593 (61.3) | 1.23 (0.97 to 1.57) | 370 (38.7) | 587 (61.3) | 1.16 (0.90 to 1.48) | 355 (39.1) | 553 (60.9) | 1.17 (0.91 to 1.52) |
| IXa Rhabdomyosarcoma | 690 (41.9) | 957 (58.1) | 0.98 (0.82 to 1.16) | 679 (41.9) | 940 (58.1) | 0.92 (0.77 to 1.09) | 645 (41.6) | 907 (58.4) | 0.92 (0.77 to 1.10) |
| XIb Thyroid carcinoma | 2160 (81.3) | 496 (18.7) | 3.25 (1.45 to 7.33) | 2106 (81.3) | 483 (18.7) | 2.53 (1.08 to 5.91) | 2079 (81.4) | 474 (18.6) | 2.20 (0.91 to 5.35) |
| XId Malignant melanoma | 1001 (57.2) | 748 (42.8) | 1.97 (1.33 to 2.92) | 956 (57.1) | 719 (42.9) | 2.18 (1.45 to 3.28) | 907 (56.7) | 693 (43.3) | 1.83 (1.19 to 2.80) |
*
Model A adjusted for race, age, and year at diagnosis. CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio.
†
Model B adjusted for race, age, and year at diagnosis and stage of disease; stage of disease not available for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and CMD.