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. 2019 Jul;26(7):245–251. doi: 10.1101/lm.048447.118

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© 2019 Noble et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

This article is distributed exclusively by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press for the first 12 months after the full-issue publication date (see http://learnmem.cshlp.org/site/misc/terms.xhtml). After 12 months, it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International), as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Figure 3. — Peripheral vagal blockade does not alter VNS effects on extinction of conditioned fear. (A) Timeline for AFC, conditioned fear response tests (CFRTs), and extinction. Rats were subjected to 2 d of AFC with eight tone-shock pairings in Context A. Twenty-four hours later, rats underwent a CFRT in Context B to assess fear in the presence of the conditioned auditory stimulus (preextinction). On the following day, methyl-scop was administered 15 min before extinction training (extinction). Another CFRT was given 24 h later to assess extinction retention (postextinction). (B) Average freezing for Sham and VNS groups during the preextinction phase. There was no difference between groups at the preextinction CFRT. (C) Methyl-scop does not alter VNS-enhanced extinction. VNS-enhanced extinction in saline-treated rats, and in rats treated with methyl-scop. Vertical bars represent the mean ± SEM. Small circles indicate individual data points. (*) P < 0.05 for VNS groups in comparison to the respective sham controls.