Table 1.
Participant characteristics, REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke, M (SD) or N (%)
| Overall | Very Car-Dependent | Car-Dependent | Somewhat Walkable | Very Walkable/Walker’s Paradise |
P value* | |
| (n=7561) | (n=4115) | (n=1892) | (n=1027) | (n=527) | ||
| M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | ||
| Age (years) | 63.4 (8.5) | 63.1 (8.3) | 64.0 (8.7) | 63.6 (8.8) | 63.7 (8.8) | <0.0001 |
| Sex | 0.0196 | |||||
| Male | 45.4 | 47.1 | 46.3 | 40.3 | 38.0 | |
| Female | 54.6 | 52.9 | 53.7 | 59.7 | 62.0 | |
| Neighbourhood SES | <0.0001 | |||||
| High neighbourhood SES | 33.3 | 37.0 | 32.0 | 24.1 | 27.1 | |
| Mid neighbourhood SES | 33.4 | 33.5 | 32.0 | 34.6 | 34.7 | |
| Low neighbourhood SES | 33.3 | 29.5 | 32.0 | 41.3 | 38.1 | |
| Race | <0.0001 | |||||
| White | 68.5 | 79.0 | 62.5 | 51.7 | 41.6 | |
| Black | 31.5 | 21.0 | 37.5 | 48.3 | 58.4 | |
| Region | <0.0001 | |||||
| Non-Belt | 45.2 | 32.4 | 51.7 | 63.7 | 85.8 | |
| Belt | 54.8 | 67.6 | 48.3 | 36.3 | 14.2 | |
| Education | 0.0002 | |||||
| College graduate and above | 45.0 | 45.7 | 42.9 | 44.2 | 48.4 | |
| Some college | 26.6 | 26.3 | 27.2 | 28.0 | 23.0 | |
| High school graduate | 22.4 | 22.5 | 23.3 | 21.0 | 20.9 | |
| Less than high school | 6.1 | 5.4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 7.8 | |
| Income | <0.0001 | |||||
| US$75k and above | 22.3 | 24.3 | 20.1 | 19.9 | 19.7 | |
| US$35k–US$74k | 35.1 | 36.8 | 33.9 | 32.9 | 30.0 | |
| US$20k–US$34k | 21.9 | 20.2 | 23.4 | 24.4 | 24.5 | |
| Less than US$20k | 10.7 | 8.5 | 12.4 | 13.7 | 15.6 | |
| Refused | 10.0 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 9.1 | 10.2 | |
| Marital status | <0.0001 | |||||
| Married | 67.1 | 75.7 | 61.8 | 54.0 | 43.6 | |
| Single | 1.7 | 2.5 | 5.2 | 6.8 | 15.4 | |
| Divorced | 12.7 | 9.1 | 15.3 | 18.2 | 21.1 | |
| Widowed | 13.9 | 11.7 | 16.1 | 17.9 | 15.0 | |
| Other | 4.7 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 4.9 | |
| Self-rated health | 0.0057 | |||||
| Excellent | 22.3 | 23.5 | 21.4 | 18.9 | 22.0 | |
| Very good | 36.3 | 38.2 | 33.7 | 34.9 | 33.4 | |
| Good | 31.9 | 29.5 | 35.0 | 34.2 | 34.7 | |
| Fair | 8.3 | 7.4 | 9.1 | 10.7 | 8.2 | |
| Poor | 1.2 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.7 | |
| Urban group | <0.0001 | |||||
| Urban | 72.6 | 54.8 | 91.4 | 95.8 | 100.0 | |
| Mixed | 12.7 | 19.9 | 5.5 | 3.8 | 0.0 | |
| Rural | 14.6 | 25.4 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 | |
| Body mass index† | 0.2598 | |||||
| Underweight | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.1 | |
| Normal | 26.4 | 26.9 | 26.3 | 25.0 | 26.0 | |
| Overweight | 38.9 | 40.3 | 37.4 | 37.2 | 36.2 | |
| Obese | 33.8 | 31.9 | 35.4 | 37.2 | 36.6 | |
| Moderate to vigorous physical activity (min/day)‡ | 13.6 (17.9) | 14.2 (17.8) | 12.4 (17.3) | 12.2 (17.4) | 15.7 (21.3) | <0.0001 |
| Total physical activity (min/day)§ | 204.1 (85.6) | 212.7 (85.2) | 198.0 (87.6) | 188.8 (84.5) | 188.2 (89.6) |
<0.0001 |
*P value from χ2 test for categorical variables and a one-way ANOVA for continuous variables.
†Normal weight: 18.5–24.9 kg/m2; overweight: 25.0–29.9 kg/m2; obese: >30.0 kg/m2.
‡All accumulated activity counts greater than 1065 cpm.
§All accumulated activity counts greater than 50 cpm.
SES, socioeconomic status.