Table 5.
Model 1* | Model 2* | Model 3* | Model 4* | |||||
Β (SE) | P value | Β (SE) | P value | Β (SE) | P value | B (SE) | P value | |
Walk Score | ||||||||
Very Walkable/Walker’s Paradise | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – |
Somewhat Walkable | 3.74 (3.82) | 0.3267 | 0.13 (6.06) | 0.9824 | 1.95 (5.04) | 0.6991 | 0.34 (5.67) | 0.9523 |
Car-Dependent | 10.98 (3.58) | 0.0022 | 6.64 (5.54) | 0.2312 | 11.31 (4.7) | 0.016 | 3.88 (5.23) | 0.4575 |
Very Car-Dependent | 13.14 (3.61) | 0.0003 | 11.51 (5.39) | 0.0328 | 8.9 (4.59) | 0.0523 | 7.02 (5.11) | 0.1695 |
Female | 2.97 (1.76) | 0.0911 | −0.85 (6.35) | 0.8932 | 3.7 (1.75) | 0.0346 | 3.63 (1.75) | 0.0379 |
Age 65+ years | −49.8 (1.76) | <0.0001 | −50.9 (1.76) | <0.0001 | −57.12 (6.21) | <0.0001 | −50.7 (1.76) | <0.0001 |
Black | −2.3 (2.05) | 0.2621 | −1.72 (2.05) | 0.4005 | −1.52 (2.05) | 0.4582 | −12.18 (6.31) | 0.0535 |
Female×Somewhat Walkable | – | – | 7.04 (7.72) | 0.3622 | – | – | – | – |
Female×Car-Dependent | – | – | 7.71 (7.09) | 0.2769 | – | – | – | – |
Female×Very Car-Dependent | – | – | 2.72 (6.69) | 0.6838 | – | – | – | – |
Age 65+ years×Somewhat Walkable | – | – | – | – | 5.64 (7.57) | 0.4567 | – | – |
Age 65+ years×Car-Dependent | – | – | – | – | −0.06 (6.96) | 0.9935 | – | – |
Age 65+ years×Very Car-Dependent | – | – | – | – | 10.21 (6.56) | 0.1197 | – | – |
Black×Somewhat Walkable | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6.39 (7.62) | 0.4016 |
Black×Car-Dependent | – | – | – | – | – | – | 13.75 (7.08) | 0.0522 |
Black×Very Car-Dependent | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11.92 (6.85) | 0.0817 |
*Models adjusted for neighbourhood socioeconomic status, race, region, education, income, relationship status, self-rated health, urban group and body mass index.