Table 1.

RDoC Constructs Mapped Onto the Individual Negative Symptom Domains

Negative Symptom Domain	RDoC System	RDoC Subconstruct	Paradigms	Brain Structures/Circuits
Avolition	Positive Valence	Reward Valuation: Delay	Delay discounting	Anterior medial OFC; mPFC; ventral tegmental area/ substantia nigra
Avolition	Positive Valence	Reward Valuation: Effort	Effort Expenditure for Reward; Progressive Ratio, Cognitive Effort Task	Basolateral amygdala; dorsal ACC; ventral pallidum; ventral striatum; VTA
Avolition	Positive Valence	Reward Anticipation	Monetary Incentive Delay task response to reward predictive cues	VTA; ventral striatum
Avolition	Positive Valence	Probabilistic and Reinforcement Learning	Drifting double bandit; Pavlovian conditioning; Probabilistic Stimulus Selection Task	Amygdala; dorsal striatum; medial PFC; OFC; ventral striatum; VTA
Avolition	Positive Valence	Reward Prediction Error	Drifting Double Bandit; Routledge Passive Lottery Task	VTA; NAcc
Anhedonia	Positive Valence	Initial Response to Reward	Sweet taste test; response to pleasant laboratory- based stimuli (eg, photographs, sounds, words); Monetary Incentive Delay Task response to reward outcomes	Anterior insula; dorsal ACC; lateral hypothalamus; medial OFC; nucleus accumbens; ventral pallidum; ventromedial PFC; VTA
Asociality	Social Processes	Affiliation and Attachment	Cyberball; One-armed Bandit Task	Amygdala; fusiform facial gyrus; NAcc; OFC; PVN; VMPFC; VTA-NAcc-VP-amygdala
Blunted Affect	Social Processes	Production of Facial Communication	Tasks that induce emotion by presenting a pleasant stimulus and recording facial expression, decoded via behavioral observation, electromyography, or computerized analysis	PAG; AC
Blunted Affect, Alogia	Social Processes	Production of Non-Facial Communication,	Tasks that induce emotion by presenting a pleasant stimulus and recording vocal or body gesture behavior, decoded via behavioral observation, electromyography, or computerized analysis; production of speech	R-IFG-RSTG

Note: OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; VTA, ventral tegmental area; PFC, prefrontal cortex; CRF, corticotrophin releasing factor; NAcc, nucleus accumbens; PVN, periventricular nucleus; VMPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex; VP, ventral pallidum; R-IFG-RSTG, Right inferior frontal gyrus–right superior temporal gyrus.