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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Child Youth Serv Rev. 2019 Apr 12;101:285–298. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.04.005

Table 3.

Adjusted Means for Outcomes: Adjusted for Selection, Attrition, and Preprogram Characteristics

Outcomes P-3
n=173		 P-2
n=377		 P-1
n=134		 P-K1
n= 304		 K-3
n=166		 None or K only
n=377		 ES range relative to P-K F-test
Academic Functioning
 Math achievement, grade 3 107.19***a 102.23*b 99.52 98.27 100.60 96.37 −.12–.70 14.87 ***
 Math achievement, grade 8 152.21**b 150.62 146.36 146.53 145.17 144.14 −. 13–.31 7.95 ***
 Reading achievement, grade 3 104.93***a 97.85*c 95.09 93.02 96.48 91.49 −.06–.74 10.87 ***
 Reading achievement, grade 8 151.24***b 148.01 143.76 143.99 141.53 141.30 −. 13–.33 13.84 ***
Social-emotional Functioning
 Classroom adjustment, grade 3 20.48*c 19.14 18.78 18.33 18.53 18.30 −.01–.39 1.70
 Classroom adjustment, grades 4–6 19.72 18.96 18.80 18.52 18.06 18.16 −.07–.26 5.61 **
 Perceived competence, grades 3–4 29.18 28.45 28.17 28.13 27.68 28.07 −.12–.28 3.95 **
 Perceived competence, grades 5–6 35.78 34.25 33.46 33.99 33.45 33.66 −. 14–.38 1.69
School Experience and Expectations
 Ever retained, grades 1–8, % 0.03***a 0.23** 0.31 0.33 0.26 0.38 −.71–11 81.08 ***
 Years in special education, grade 1–8 0.87**c 1.00*c 1.26 1.31 1.26 1.38 −.26–.06 4.37 **
 Ever school mobility, grades 4–8, % 0.44 **b 0.54 0.66 0.65 0.62 0.73 −.44–.16 30.22 ***
 Expectations of college attendance, grade 10, % 0.90 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.80 0.84 −.11–17 6.05

Note: Adjusted means/rates on the outcomes are calculated using the marginal means, which were adjusted for preprogram characteristics (i.e., child’s gender, child’s race, child’s age, family variables, and socio-demographic factors), selection and attrition by IPW, and Benjamin-Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons. Standard errors are clustered at the site level at the beginning of the study.

1

Reference group.

F-test: joint significance of the 6-group coefficients.

***

p<0.001,

**

p< 0.01,

*

p<0.05,

+

p<0.10.

a

Significant compared to four reference groups: P-2, P-1, P-K, None or K only.

b

Significant compared to three reference groups: P-1, P-K, None or K only.

c

Significant compared to two reference groups: P-K, None or K only.