Table 4.

Adjusted Means for Outcomes Adjusted for Selection, Attrition, and Preprogram Characteristics, Boys (N = 763)

Outcomes	P-3 n=79	P-2 n=178	P-1 n=67	P-K¹ n= 152	K-3 n=96	None or K only n=191	ES range relative to P-K	F-test
Academic Functioning
Math achievement, grade 3	105.07 ^***	100.85	99.21	98.08	98.08	93.61	−.20–.64	10.06^***
Math achievement, grade 8	149.17	148.21	143.09	144.56	140.71	141.91	−.25–.33	2.37⁺
Reading achievement, grade 3	101.04 ^**	94.60	91.40	91.18	95.39	87.08	−.20–.32	5.36^**
Reading achievement, grade 8	149.12	143.10	138.10	142.25	136.01^**	137.04	−.29–.32	4.48^**
Social-emotional Functioning
Classroom adjustment, grade 3	19.52 ^***	18.23	16.51	16.76	16.74	17.12	−.05–.50	4.90^**
Classroom adjustment, grade 4–6	18.99 ^***	17.89	17.70	17.10	16.88	16.67	−.07–.40	6.37^***
Perceived competence, grades 3–4	28.71^***	28.13^*	27.51	26.98	26.77	27.75	−.04–.48	5.72^**
Perceived competence, grades 5–6	35.99^**	33.76	33.17	33.78	33.19	33.03	−. 19–.48	8.28^**
School Experiences and Expectation
Ever retained, grades 1–8, %	0.11 ^***	0.33	0.39	0.42	0.37	0.49	−.50–.14	47.82^**
Years in special education, grades 1–8	0.92^***	0.87^***	1.41	1.39	1.36	1.29	−.42–.17	5.93^**
Ever school mobility, grades 4–8, %	0.49	0.55	0.78	0.68	0.68	0.71	−.27–.10	11.75^*
Expectations of college attendance, grade 10, %	0.83	0.87	0.82	0.81	0.81	0.81	−. 10–. 17	3.91

Note: Adjusted means/rates on the outcomes are calculated using the marginal means, which were adjusted for preprogram characteristics (i.e., child’s gender, child’s race, child’s age, family variables, and socio-demographic factors), selection and attrition by IPW, and Benjamin-Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons.. Standard errors are clustered at the site-level.

Reference group.

^***

p<0.001,

^**

p< 0.01,

p<0.05,

⁺

p<0.10.