Table 1. Characteristics of participants and the association of serum levels of RSPO1 with obesity and DM.
| Variable | All participant (n=122) | Non-DM patients (n=79) | DM patients (n=43) | P valuea | Non-obese subjects (n=45) | Obese subjects (n=34) | DM patients (n=43) | P valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 50.6±11.8 | 50.5±12.0 | 50.7±11.6 | 0.912 | 51.3±9.1 | 49.3±15.2 | 50.7±11.6 | 0.767 |
| Sex, male/female | 54/68 | 34/45 | 20/23 | 0.712 | 17/28 | 17/17 | 20/23 | 0.520 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.9±4.0 | 24.6±3.5 | 25.4±5.0 | 0.329 | 22.3±1.9 | 27.0±2.3c | 25.4±5.0c | <0.001 |
| Body weight, kg | 65.9±13.4 | 64.8±12.5 | 67.5±14.7 | 0.319 | 58.8±8.9 | 71.9±11.4c | 67.5±14.7c | <0.001 |
| Height, cm | 160.8±17.7 | 159.5±21.7 | 162.7±8.7 | 0.287 | 161.2±7.8 | 158.5±9.9 | 162.7±8.7 | 0.548 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 126.2±12.5 | 124.7±13.6 | 128.6±10.3 | 0.124 | 122.5±11.3 | 128.1±16.3 | 128.6±10.3 | 0.070 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 77.0±9.0 | 75.4±8.8 | 79.4±8.7 | 0.027 | 73.8±8.3 | 77.8±9.3 | 79.4±8.7c | 0.018 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 126.5±54.2 | 99.1±10.3 | 176.7±65.4 | <0.001 | 98.9±10.6 | 99.4±10.0 | 176.7±65.4c,d | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin, μIU/mL | 10.6±5.2 | 9.8±4.6 | 12.1±6.0 | 0.034 | 8.1±3.2 | 12.1±5.3c | 12.1±6.0c | <0.001 |
| Fasting C-peptide, ng/mL | 0.8±0.4 | 0.7±0.4 | 0.9±0.4 | 0.016 | 0.6±0.3 | 0.9±0.5c | 0.9±0.4c | <0.001 |
| Post-load 2-hr glucose, mg/dL | 184.9±119.4 | 119.9±31.8 | 320.1±121.7 | <0.001 | 117.3±33.9 | 123.4±28.6 | 320.1±121.7c,d | <0.001 |
| Post-load 2-hr insulin, μIU/mL | 54.1±54.1 | 53.1±55.2 | 56.4±52.3 | 0.755 | 43.9±34.4 | 65.2±73.3 | 56.4±52.3 | 0.216 |
| Post-load 2-hr C-peptide, ng/mL | 3.1±1.6 | 3.1±1.4 | 3.0±2.0 | 0.652 | 2.8±1.2 | 3.5±1.6 | 3.0±2.0 | 0.218 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.4±2.0 | 5.4±0.3 | 8.1±2.5 | <0.001 | 5.4±0.4 | 5.4±0.3 | 8.1±2.5c,d | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.3±2.2 | 2.4±1.2 | 5.0±2.5 | <0.001 | 2.0±0.7 | 3.1±1.2c | 5.0±2.5c,d | <0.001 |
| HOMA-β | 29.8±17.6 | 32.1±16.7 | 25.4±18.6 | 0.053 | 25.9±11.1 | 40.4±19.2c | 25.4±18.6c,d | <0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 135.6±97.9 | 126.8±94.0 | 151.6±104.0 | 0.202 | 113.4±67.6 | 145.7±120.6 | 151.6±104.0 | 0.152 |
| TC, mg/dL | 198.3±40.0 | 195.8±34.9 | 203.1±47.9 | 0.339 | 192.0±35.7 | 200.1±33.6 | 203.1±47.9 | 0.398 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 124.0±35.9 | 121.0±31.9 | 129.3±42.2 | 0.235 | 116.3±31.7 | 127.8±31.4 | 129.3±42.2 | 0.193 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 54.2±14.0 | 55.9±13.8 | 51.0±14.0 | 0.075 | 58.1±15.2 | 52.6±11.0 | 51.0±14.0c | 0.048 |
| Apo-lipoprotein A, mg/dL | 131.8±29.2 | 128.8±25.2 | 135.4±33.7 | 0.500 | 130.8±22.3 | 125.9±30.5 | 135.4±33.7 | 0.749 |
| Apo-lipoprotein B, mg/dL | 101.2±30.7 | 86.6±21.2 | 118.4±31.6 | 0.001 | 85.6±23.8 | 88.0±17.9 | 118.4±31.6c | 0.004 |
| AST, U/L | 23.2±10.9 | 21.8±7.5 | 25.6±15.1 | 0.069 | 21.3±6.8 | 22.6±8.4 | 25.6±15.1 | 0.169 |
| ALT, U/L | 25.8±17.2 | 23.6±16.3 | 30.0±18.4 | 0.063 | 20.8±12.0 | 27.4±20.3 | 30.0±18.4c | 0.036 |
| hsCRP, mg/L | 1.6±4.3 | 1.1±1.8 | 4.0±9.5 | 0.021 | 0.9±1.7 | 1.4±1.8 | 4.0±9.5 | 0.062 |
| RSPO1, pg/mL | 51.4±13.2 | 58.0±29.8 | 56.8±16.2 | 0.784 | 51.4±13.0 | 66.8±41.6c | 56.8±16.2 | 0.030 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or numbers of participants.
RSPO1, R-spondin 1; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
aP value from unpaired t-test for continuous parametric variables and Mann-Whitney U test for nonparametric variables between non-DM subjects and DM patients, bP value from analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis for continuous parametric variables and Mann-Whitney U test for nonparametric variables among non-obese subjects, obese subjects, and DM patients, cP<0.05 obese subjects or DM patients versus non-obese subjects, dP<0.05 obese subjects versus DM patients.