Table 3. Comparison of metabolic parameters of study population by serum RSPO1 levels in non-DM participants.
| Variable | Low RSPO1 group (n=39) | High RSPO1 group (n=40) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 51.9±12.0 | 49.2±12.1 | 0.327 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.3±2.7 | 25.6±3.4 | 0.003 |
| Body weight, kg | 63.0±11.3 | 67.3±13.4 | 0.159 |
| Height, cm | 162.4±8.2 | 157.9±29.4 | 0.421 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 124.0±12.8 | 125.4±14.7 | 0.691 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 75.1±8.2 | 75.7±9.6 | 0.813 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 99.9±9.8 | 98.4±10.9 | 0.516 |
| Fasting insulin, μIU/mL | 9.4±4.9 | 10.3±4.5 | 0.390 |
| Fasting C-peptide, ng/mL | 0.6±0.3 | 0.8±0.4 | 0.128 |
| Post-load 2-hr glucose, mg/dL | 119.0±32.2 | 120.7±31.7 | 0.816 |
| Post-load 2-hr insulin, μIU/mL | 48.5±57.6 | 57.5±53.2 | 0.476 |
| Post-load 2-hr C-peptide, ng/mL | 2.9±1.4 | 3.3±1.4 | 0.249 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.4±0.4 | 5.4±0.3 | 0.842 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.1±0.9 | 2.8±1.2 | 0.007 |
| HOMA-β | 30.3±17.7 | 33.9±15.6 | 0.335 |
| TG, mg/dL | 110.3±64.5 | 142.9±114.3 | 0.127 |
| TC, mg/dL | 190.2±30.7 | 201.2±38.1 | 0.169 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 115.8±28.6 | 126.3±34.4 | 0.154 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 58.1±12.3 | 23.7±15.1 | 0.166 |
| AST, U/L | 20.3±5.2 | 23.4±9.1 | 0.063 |
| ALT, U/L | 19.2±9.0 | 28.0±20.4 | 0.017 |
| hsCRP, mg/L | 2.9±1.4 | 3.3±1.4 | 0.387 |
| RSPO1, pg/mL | 44.6 ±3.6 | 71.0±37.6 | <0.001 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. P value from unpaired t-test for continuous parametric variables and Mann-Whitney U test for nonparametric variables.
RSPO1, R-spondin 1; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.