Table 1.
Demographic and health variables for the overall sample and by SES and race.
| Overall (N = 192) |
High SES (n = 99) |
Low SES (n = 93) |
AA (n = 77) |
White (n = 115) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | M (SD) or n (%) | M (SD) or n (%) | M (SD) or n (%) | p1 | M (SD) or n (%) | M (SD) or n (%) | p2 |
| Age, y | 52.03 (9.24) | 53.99 (9.60) | 49.95 (8.41) | 0.002 | 50.28 (9.87) | 53.21 (8.65) | 0.031 |
| AA | 77 (40.1%) | 33 (33.3%) | 44 (47.3%) | 0.049 | – | – | – |
| Female | 107 (55.75) | 47 (47.5%) | 60 (64.5%) | 0.017 | 46 (59.7%) | 61 (53.0%) | 0.362 |
| Low SES | 95 (48.4%) | – | – | – | 44 (57.1%) | 49 (42.6%) | 0.049 |
| Hypertension | 88 (45.8%) | 51 (51.5%) | 37 (39.8%) | 0.104 | 39 (50.6%) | 49 (42.6%) | 0.276 |
| Diabetes | 30 (15.6%) | 18 (18.2%) | 12 (12.9%) | 0.317 | 13 (16.9%) | 17 (14.8%) | 0.696 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.57 (6.43) | 29.95 (6.26) | 29.16 (6.61) | 0.398 | 29.66 (6.40) | 29.50 (6.47) | 0.868 |
| CRP, mg/l | 5.71 (10.12) | 4.81 (7.87) | 6.75 (12.36) | 0.195 | 4.98 (7.45) | 6.80 (13.12) | 0.222 |
| Cigarettes (ever) | 139 (72.4%) | 67 (67.7%) | 72 (77.4%) | 0.022 | 83 (72.2%) | 77 (72.7%) | 0.549 |
| CES-D score | 15.93 (11.49) | 14.22 (10.60) | 17.74 (12.17) | 0.034 | 16.36 (12.07) | 15.29 (10.62) | 0.528 |
| WMLV (cc) | 1,294 (2,243) | 1,210 (1,973) | 1,385 (2,513) | 0.594 | 1.188 (1,721) | 1,431 (2,850) | 0.431 |
| R Frontal, FA | 0.235 (0.013) | 0.237 (0.011) | 0.232 (0.014) | 0.006 | 0.233 (0.013) | 0.235 (0.013) | 0.306 |
| L Frontal, FA | 0.234 (0.014) | 0.237 (0.012) | 0.232 (0.014) | 0.009 | 0.233 (0.013) | 0.235 (0.014) | 0.349 |
| R Temporal, FA | 0.249 (0.014) | 0.250 (0.014) | 0.247 (0.014) | 0.075 | 0.248 (0.012) | 0.245 (0.015) | 0.811 |
| L Temporal, FA | 0.241 (0.014) | 0.243 (0.013) | 0.239 (0.015) | 0.064 | 0.241 (0.012) | 0.241 (0.015) | 0.849 |
| R Parietal, FA | 0.228 (0.015) | 0.229 (0.014) | 0.227 (0.016) | 0.418 | 0.229 (0.015) | 0.227 (0.015) | 0.344 |
| L Parietal, FA | 0.232 (0.013) | 0.233 (0.013) | 0.230 (0.014) | 0.055 | 0.231 (0.013) | 0.232 (0.014) | 0.894 |
| R Occipital, FA | 0.205 (0.013) | 0.207 (0.013) | 0.202 (0.013) | 0.010 | 0.204 (0.011) | 0.205 (0.014) | 0.694 |
| L Occipital, FA | 0.203 (0.014) | 0.205 (0.012) | 0.200 (0.015) | 0.019 | 0.203 (0.013) | 0.204 (0.014) | 0.642 |
y = years; AA = African American; SES = socioeconomic status; BMI = body mass index; CRP = C-reactive protein; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale; WMLV = white matter lesion volume; R = right; L = left; FA = fractional anisotropy; p1 = value for the difference between those high and low SES; p2 = value for the difference between African Americans and Whites; independent samples t-tests were used for continuous variables (all equal variances assumed) and one-way ANOVAs were used for categorical variables. Fractional anisotropy values range from 0 to 1, with 0 reflecting completely unrestricted diffusion, and 1 reflecting completely restricted diffusion.