Table 1.
Examples of scaffolds combined with NPs for the delivery of bioactive agents to be used in bone and cartilage TE strategies.
| Application | Scaffold/NP | Bioactive agents | Ref year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bone | Fibrin hydrogels with heparin loaded into PLGA NPs | BMP-2 |
[150] 2007 |
| PLLA nano-fibrous scaffolds prepared by sugar sphere template leaching and phase separation technique with PLGA NPs | BMP-7 |
[136] 2007 |
|
| PLGA/HA composite scaffolds produced by electrospinning method with pDNA/chitosan NPs | BMP-2 plasmid |
[151] 2007 |
|
| Collagen sponges reinforced PGA fibers scaffold produced by the freeze-drying method with pDNA/polyethylenimine NPs | BMP-2 plasmid |
[152] 2008 |
|
| Fibrin hydrogel with heparin NPs | BMP-2 |
[153] 2009 |
|
| Chitosan-PEO scaffolds prepared by wet spinning with PLGA and PHBV NPs | BMP-2 and BMP-7 |
[154] 2009 |
|
| Collagen sponge scaffold with PEI coated albumin NPs | BMP-2 |
[155] 2009 |
|
| Collagen sponge scaffold with PEI-PEG coated albumin NPs | BMP-2 |
[156] 2010 |
|
| PCL scaffold prepared by thermally induced phase separation with lipid based NPs | siRNA |
[118] 2010 |
|
| Polyurethane sponge HA scaffolds with dendrimers | Dex |
[67] 2010 |
|
| Gelatin hydrogels with micelles | Triptolide and BMP-2 |
[157] 2012 |
|
| PDLLA foam scaffold produced by supercritical fluid foaming with chitosan-chondroitin sulfate NPs | Platelet lysates |
[9] 2012 |
|
| Gelatin hydrogel with lactic acid oligomer-grafted gelatin micelles | Dex |
[8] 2012 |
|
| Gellan xanthan hydrogel with chitosan NPs | bFGF and BMP7 |
[158] 2013 |
|
| PCL electrospun nanofiber mesh with liposomes immobilized | Dex |
[159] 2014 |
|
| PCL electrospun nanofiber mesh with liposomes immobilized | Runx2-plasmid |
[160] 2014 |
|
| Cartilage | PLGA microspheres coated with polylysine NPs | TGF-β3 |
[161] 2008 |
| Fibrin hydrogel mixed with heparin NPs | TGF-β3 |
[123] 2009 |
|
| PLC scaffold produced by a gel-pressing method with PLGA/Pluronic heparin NPs | TGF-β1 |
[139] 2009 |
|
| Nanofibrous scaffold prepared by coaxial electrospinning with embedded liposomes | TGF-β, bFGF, IGF-I |
[162] 2012 |
|
| Collagen/chitosan scaffolds prepared by freeze-drying with pDNA calcium phosphate NPs | TGF-β1 plasmid |
[163] 2012 |
|
| PLGA scaffolds prepared by freeze-drying with PLGA and PNIPAM NPs | IGF-I and TGF1 |
[164] 2013 |
|
| PLLGA scaffold prepared by a carding and needle-punch process (non-woven polymer fibers) with PLGA NPs. | BMP4 plasmid |
[165] 2013 |
|
| Porous Chitosan Scaffolds with hyaluronic acid and chitosan NPs | TGF-β1 plasmid |
[166] 2013 |
IGF-I – Insulin-like growth factor I, TGF-β1 transform growth factor β1, PLGA – poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), PNIPAM – poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), PNIPAM – poly(L-lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLLA – poly(l-lactic acid), HA – hydroxylapatite, BMP-2 – bone morphogenetic protein-2, PGA – poly(glycolic acid), PHBV – poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), PEO – poly(ethyleneoxide), PEI – polyethylenimine, PEG – poly(ethylene glycol), PCL – polycaprolactone, PDLLA – poly(D,l-lactic acid), Dex – dexamethasone, Runx2 – Runt-related transcription factor 2, siRNA – small interfering RNA, FGF – fibroblast growth factor.