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. 2019 Jun 18;9:8710. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45059-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The mean graphene (a) length and (b) thickness as a function of the ICD. The mean graphene (c) length and (d) thickness as a function of the graphene yield. The symbols in (a–d) delineate the data as a function of sonication time, measured in minutes. The graphene exfoliation rate ( $c_{g} t^{- 1}$ ) as function of (e) the mean graphene length and (f) thickness for graphene samples produced with the highest and lowest pre-amp voltages (acoustic powers) used in this work. The uncertainty in the graphene yield and exfoliation rate is associated with the standard deviation of three graphene yield measurements at each sonication time, and the uncertainty in graphene length and thickness is associated with the standard error of ~300 and ~100 measurements, respectively.