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. 2019 Jun 18;9:8711. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45168-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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DA projection pathway and mRNA expression levels of DA-metabolizing enzymes in SN and VTA and their transcription factor of Tieg2 and Tgf-β1. (a) DA is projected from substantia nigra (SN) to striatum, and from ventral tegmental area (VTA) to prefrontal cortex (PFC) or nucleus accumbens (NAcc). (b) Section of the mouse brain subjected to qRT-PCR. (c,d) Effect of RA intake for 11days on DA-metabolizing enzyme mRNA levels. We conducted qRT-PCR analysis of DA-metabolizing enzyme mRNA levels in (c) SN and (d) VTA. Maob was downregulated in both SN and VTA, and Comt was downregulated in SN. (e) Tieg2 mRNA levels were measured in SN and VTA of mice fed the RA diet for 11 days (C: n = 5, RA: n = 6). Tieg2 was significantly downregulated in both SN and VTA. (f) Tgf-β1 mRNA levels in SN and VTA of mice fed the RA diet for 11 days (n = 5). Tgf-β1 was significantly downregulated in both SN and VTA. Data are normalized to β-actin. Results are expressed as mean of fold change compared with control condition. (S.E as error bars, C: n = 5, RA: n = 6) t-test: **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 vs. control group.