Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants in this study: 1987–1989
| Variables | Total | Non-diabetic | Diabetic | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N: 14,119) | (N:12,398) | (N:1721) | |||
| Percent(n) or mean (SD) | Percent(n) or mean (SD) | Percent(n) or mean (SD) | |||
| Age | 45–54 | 53.3 (7524) | 54.8 (6800) | 42.1 (724) | <0.001 |
| 55–64 | 46.7 (6595) | 45.2 (5598) | 57.9 (997) | ||
| Sex | Female | 54.0 (7630) | 54.1 (6702) | 53.9 (928) | 0.92 |
| Male | 46.0 (6489) | 45.9 (5696) | 46.1 (793) | ||
| Race | White | 72.9 (10295) | 75.4 (9354) | 54.7 (941) | <0.001 |
| Black | 27.1 (3824) | 24.6 (3044) | 45.3 (780) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | Never | 55.9 (7852) | 58.4 (7213) | 37.4 (639) | <0.001 |
| Currently or Former | 44.1(6200) | 41.6 (5132) | 62.6 (1068) | ||
| Total energy intakea | As recommended | 87.4 (12048) | 87.2 (10565) | 88.6 (1483) | 0.11 |
| Excessive | 12.6 (1740) | 12.8 (1549) | 11.4 (191) | ||
| Body Mass Index (BMI)b | Normal | 32.8 (4609) | 35.5 (4385) | 13.1 (224) | <0.001 |
| Overweight or obese | 66.2 (9444) | 64.5 (7964) | 86.9 (1480) | ||
| Fiber intakec | At or above recommended | 39.3 (5414) | 39.1 (4747) | 40.0 (667) | 0.48 |
| Below recommended | 60.7 (8379) | 60.9 (7380) | 60.0 (999) | ||
| Saturated fat intaked | At or Below Recommended | 19.5 (2691) | 19.3 (2342) | 21.0 (349) | 0.11 |
| above recommended | 80.5 (11102) | 80.7 (9785) | 79.0 (1317) | ||
| Physical activitye | Non active | 48.4 (6798) | 46.7 (5764) | 60.5 (1034) | <0.001 |
| Active | 51.6 (7250) | 53.3 (6574) | 39.5 (676) | ||
| Menopausal status | Non-Menopausal | 29.0 (2201) | 30.3 (2025) | 19.1 (176) | <0.001 |
| Menopausal | 71.0 (5398) | 69.7 (4651) | 80.9 (747) | ||
N Number, SD Standard Deviation
aAs recommended: < 2000 kg per day for women and < 2500 kg per day for men / excessive: ≥ 2000 kcal per day for women and ≥ 2500 kcal per day for Men
bNormal: 18.5 < BMI < 25, overweight: 25 ≤ BMI <30, obese: 30 ≤ BMI
c At or above recommended fiber intake: ≥ 14 g/1000 kcal/day, below recommended fiber intake: < 14 g/1000 kcal/day
dAt or below recommended saturated fat intake: < 18 g/1000 kcal/day, above recommended Saturated fat intake: ≥ 18 g/1000 kcal/day
eThe median value of all subjects (7 scores) was used as a cutoff point for physical activity in this study; Active: score ≥ 7, and Non-Active: score < 7