Table 1.
Participants’ baseline characteristics
| Variable | SSBs intake | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group1 (N = 77) | Group2 (N = 80) | OR | 95% CI | p value | |
| Demographic data | |||||
| Sex (%) | 0.50 | ||||
| Male | 36.36 | 31.25 | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 63.64 | 68.75 | 1.26 | 0.65, 2.44 | |
| Age (%) | 0.54 | ||||
| < 50 year | 28.57 | 35.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 50–55 | 15.58 | 20.00 | 1.05 | 0.41, 2.67 | 0.92 |
| 55–60 | 18.18 | 17.50 | 0.79 | 0.31, 1.99 | 0.61 |
| ≥ 60 | 37.66 | 27.50 | 0.60 | 0.27, 1.31 | 0.20 |
| Diabetes duration (%) | 0.35 | ||||
| < 5 year | 63.636 | 56.25 | 1.00 | ||
| ≥ 5 year | 36.363 | 43.75 | 1.36 | 0.72, 2.58 | |
| Physical activity (%) | 0.76 | ||||
| High | 7.79 | 7.50 | 1.00 | ||
| Moderate | 46.75 | 41.25 | 0.92 | 0.27, 3.12 | 0.89 |
| Low | 45.45 | 51.25 | 1.17 | 0.35, 3.96 | 0.80 |
| Education Level (%) | 0.05 | ||||
| higher education | 5.26 | 6.25 | 1.00 | ||
| diploma | 22.37 | 30.00 | 1.13 | 0.26, 4.84 | 0.87 |
| undergraduate | 56.58 | 35.00 | 0.52 | 0.13, 2.11 | 0.36 |
| illiterate | 15.79 | 28.75 | 1.53 | 0.35, 6.79 | 0.57 |
| Smoking status (%) | 0.30 | ||||
| Current | 2.60 | 6.25 | 1.00 | ||
| Former | 6.49 | 11.25 | 0.72 | 0.10, 5.17 | 0.74 |
| Never | 90.90 | 82.50 | 0.38 | 0.07, 2.01 | 0.25 |
| Anthropometric data | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.65 ± 5.26 | 29.84 ± 4.77 | 1.05 | 0.99, 1.12 | 0.14 |
| Waist circumference(cm) | 97.36 ± 10.78 | 99.57 ± 9.55 | 1.02 | 0.99, 1.05 | 0.18 |
| Biochemical data | |||||
| FBS (mg/dL) | 164.61 ± 86.07 | 150.73 ± 54.95 | 0.24 | −8.79, 36.56 | 0.23 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 147.48 ± 84.95 | 164.19 ± 88.36 | 0.24 | −44.05, 10.64 | 0.23 |
| Chol (mg/dL) | 168.13 ± 40.22 | 176.35 ± 37.24 | 0.19 | −20.43, 3.99 | 0.19 |
| HDL(mg/dL) | 43.81 ± 9.37 | 44.40 ± 10.18 | 0.70 | −3.68, 2.49 | 0.70 |
| LDL(mg/dL) | 95.22 ± 30.55 | 100.71 ± 31.01 | 0.27 | −15.19, 4.22 | 0.27 |
| Blood pressures | |||||
| Systolic (mmHg) | 127.73 ± 18.15 | 132.79 ± 19.47 | 1.02 | −11.00, 0.80 | 0.09 |
| Diastolic(mmHg) | 81.74 ± 9.85 | 84.96 ± 11.14 | 1.03 | −6.54, 0.10 | 0.06 |
| Blood pressures | |||||
| Systolic (mmHg) | 127.73 ± 18.15 | 132.79 ± 19.47 | 1.02 | −11.00, 0.80 | 0.09 |
| Diastolic(mmHg) | 81.74 ± 9.85 | 84.96 ± 11.14 | 1.03 | −6.54, 0.10 | 0.06 |
| Dietary data | |||||
| Energy (kcal/kg/d) | 34.81 ± 1.28 | 34.29 ± 1.28 | 1.00 | 0.97, 1.02 | 0.77 |
| Carbohydrate (gr/day) | 56.60 ± 1.16 | 59.36 ± 0.81 | 1.04 | 1.00, 1.08 | 0.05 |
| Protein (gr/day) | 13.75 ± 0.27 | 12.93 ± 0.22 | 0.83 | 0.71, 0.97 | 0.02* |
| Fat (gr/day) | 29.49 ± 1.16 | 27.55 ± 0.83 | 0.98 | 0.94, 1.01 | 0.17 |
| Medication history | |||||
| OHA (%) | 94.81 | 88.75 | 0.91 | 0.74, 1.13 | 0.07 |
| HLP medication (%) | 54.55 | 53.75 | 0.97 | 0.52, 1.82 | 0.92 |
| HTN medication (%) | 49.35 | 52.50 | 1.13 | 0.61, 2.12 | 0.69 |
Values are presented as Mean ± SD or percentage. * P < 0.05 is significant
Group 1: <0.5 serving SSBs per week; Group 2: ≥0.5 serving SSBs per week
Chol, cholesterol;FBS, fasting blood sugar; HDL, high-density lipoprotein;HLP, hyperlipidemia; HTN, hypertension; LDL, low-density lipoprotein;OHA, oral hypoglycemic agents; SSBs, sugar-sweetened –beverages; TG, Triglyceride