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. 2019 Jun 18;9:8692. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45198-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Changes in pH values and cell numbers in OF during cultivation. Neonatal OF was cultured with breast milk (BM, blue line) or YCFA (red line) media for 48 h in pH-stat fermenters. (A) The pH value was continuously monitored, and each point represents the mean value with the S.E. (n = 15). (B) qPCR was performed to evaluate total cell numbers. The limit of detection was 10⁴ cells/mL or g. Groups without the same letter were statistically different using the Tukey-Kramer test (p < 0.05).