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. 2019 Jun 18;9:8692. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45198-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Abundance and prevalence of Bifidobacterium species in OF and IF samples. (A) The abundance of Bifidobacterium was evaluated using qPCR. The limit of detection was 10⁴ cells/mL or g. (B) A heat map showing the relative abundances of Bifidobacterium species in light to deep blue for low to high abundance, respectively. Each vertical lane in each category indicates each ID in consecutive order from left to right. Samples under the limit of detection (LOD, 10⁴ cells/mL or g) are indicated in white. Abbreviations: precultivated neonatal oral fluid (OF), postcultivated OF in BM (BM) or YCFA (YCFA) for 48 h and infant fecal (IF) samples.