Table 1.

Overview of measurements

Technique	Results Elastic/storage modulus (kPa)*	Location of the measurement	Throughput
AFM (tip size, temperature, loading rate)
conical probe, 25 °C, 6 pm/s	13.5 ± 7.0
conical probe, 37 °C, 2 pm/s	5.5 ± 0.8
750 nm, 37 °C, 2 pm/s	0.58 ± 0.23	At the cell surface	1 – 20 cells/h
2500 nm, 25 °C, 6 pm/s	1.31 ± 0.54
2500 nm, 37 °C, 10 pm/s	0.53 ± 0.52
Whole-cell measurements
Optical stretcher	0.018 ± 0.024	Whole suspended cell	60 – 300 cells/h
Parallel plates (1 Hz)	0.95 ± 0.15	Whole adherent cell	6 cells/h
Cell monolayer measurements
Cell monolayer rheology	4.5 ± 2.2	Monolayer of cells	5–6 h/monolayer
Bead-based measurements
Particle tracking microrheology (1 Hz)	0.0045 ± 0.0004	Intracellular	30 cells/h
Particle tracking microrheology (30 Hz)	0.111 ±.002
Magnetic twisting cytometry	1.62 ± 0.11	At the cell surface	2000 cells/h

^*Elastic moduli derived from AFM represent effective Young’s modulus.