Table V.

Pollen morphology of extant Picrodendraceae.

	Androstachys johnsonii	Aristogeitonia gabonica	Aristogeitonia lophirifolia	Aristogeitonia monophylla	Aristogeitonia perrieri	Hyaenanche globosa	Mischodon zeylanicus
P/E ratio	Spheroidal to oblate	Spheroidal to slightly oblate	Spheroidal to slightly oblate	Spheroidal to slightly oblate	Spheroidal to slightly oblate	Spheroidal to slightly oblate	Spheroidal to slightly oblate
Outline in polar and equatorial view	Elliptic to circular to slightly angular	Circular	Circular	Circular	Circular	Circular	Circular
Equatorial diameter including echini (LM)	34–38	27–31	25–29	32–36	27–29	32–39	32–38
Equatorial diameter including echini (SEM)	33–36	26–28	25–28	32–34	25–29	30–38	32–37
Equatorial diameter excluding echini (LM)	N/A	21–25	20–24	25–30	22–25	29–35	27–33
Equatorial diameter excluding echini (SEM)	32–34	21–23	21–23	25–27	21–25	28–34	27–32
Polar axis including echini (LM)	30–33	25–28	25–28	32–35	26–28	30–35	30–34
Polar axis including echini (SEM)	29–32	23–25	23–25	31–33	24–27	29–34	31–34
Polar axis excluding echini (LM)	N/A	20–23	21–23	26–28	22–24	29–33	26–30
Polar axis excluding echini (SEM)	28–31	19–21	19–21	25–27	20–23	26–32	26–28
Aperture type and number	Stephano(5-7)porate	Stephano(5-6)porate	Stephano(6-7)porate	Stephano(7)porate	Stephano(6-7)porate	Stephano(6-7)porate	Stephano(5-7)porate
Aperture position	Pori often at irregular intervals, one or two pori can be positioned outside of the equator	Pori at regular intervals, positioned at the equator	Pori at regular intervals, positioned at the equator	Pori at regular intervals, positioned at the equator	Pori at regular intervals, positioned at the equator	Pori at regular intervals, positioned at the equator	Pori at regular intervals, positioned at the equator
Aperture diameter (SEM)	2.5–4.5	2.5–3.5	2.5–4.0	3.5–5.0	2.5–3.5	3.0–5.5	3.5–4.5
Exine thickness (LM)	1.2–1.3	1.2–1.5	1.1–1.2	1.6–1.7	1.1–1.5	1.4–1.6	1.3–1.8
Pollen wall (SEM)	Tectate	Tectate	Tectate	Tectate	Tectate	Tectate	Tectate
Sculpture (LM)	Echinate	Echinate	Echinate	Echinate	Echinate	Echinate	Echinate
Sculpture (SEM)	Microechinate; granulate and perforate in areas between echini	Echinate; nanogemmate to nanorugulate in areas between echini	Echinate; nanogemmate to granulate in areas between echini	Echinate; nanogemmate to nanorugulate in areas between echini	Echinate; nanogemmate to granulate in areas between echini	Echinate; fossulate, perforate and nanogemmate in areas between echini	Echinate; nanogemmate to granulate in areas between echini
Number of echini in central polar area (SEM)	30–45 per 100 µm2	5–11 per 100 µm2	9–13 per 100 µm2	3–7 per 100 µm2	9–12 per 100 µm2	15–30 per 100 µm2	3–7 per 100 µm2
Echini height (SEM)	0.7–1.3	3.0–4.5	2.0–3.5	3.0–4.5	2.0–3.0	1.0–2.0	3.0–4.5
Aperture membrane (SEM)	Nanoechinate, nanogemmate and granulate	Nanogemmate to nanorugulate	Nanogemmate to granulate	Nanogemmate to nanorugulate	Nanogemmate to granulate	Nanogemmate	Nanogemmate to granulate
Pollen Type	3	2	2	2	2	1	2

Oldfieldia africana	Oldfieldia dactylophylla	Oldfieldia somalensis	Piranhea longepedunculata	Piranhea trifoliata	Stachyandra merana	Tetracoccus fasciculatus	Voatamalo eugenioides
Spheroidal to slightly oblate	Spheroidal to slightly oblate	Spheroidal to slightly oblate	Spheroidal to slightly oblate	Spheroidal to slightly oblate	Spheroidal to oblate	Spheroidal to oblate	Spheroidal to slightly oblate
Circular	Circular	Circular	Circular	Circular	Elliptic to circular to slightly angular	Circular	Circular
30–34	32–38	30–37	27–30	25–31	32–40	31–35	35–38
26–36	28–34	28–35	25–29	24–29	33–38	30–33	28–37
25–29	27–34	25–30	24–27	24–29	N/A	30–33	28–33
22–29	22–27	22–28	22–24	21–26	31–36	28–30	22–31
28–30	31–35	28–32	25–28	24–28	33–35	29–31	32–35
26–28	27–32	29–31	21–24	23–26	33–35	27–28	28–31
23–25	25–28	23–27	22–25	22–25	N/A	27–30	27–32
22–24	21–25	23–25	20–22	21–23	32–34	25–26	23–26
Stephano(6-8)porate	Stephano(7-8)porate	Stephano(6-8)porate	Stephano(6-7)porate	Stephano(6-7)porate	Stephano(4-6)porate	Stephano(6)porate	Stephano(6-7)porate
Pori at regular intervals, positioned at the equator	Pori at regular intervals, positioned at the equator	Pori at regular intervals, positioned at the equator	Pori at regular intervals, positioned at the equator	Pori at regular intervals, positioned at the equator	Pori often at irregular intervals, one or two pori can be positioned outside of the equator	Pori at regular intervals, positioned at the equator	Pori at regular intervals, positioned at the equator
3.0–4.0	3.0–3.5	3.0–4.5	3.6–4.4	3.3–4.2	2.5–4.5	3.0–4.4	2.5–4.0
1.6–1.9	1.5–1.8	1.5–1.7	1.7–2.0	1.7–2.0	1.1–1.3	2.0–2.5	1.3–1.6
Tectate	Tectate	Tectate	Tectate	Tectate	Tectate	Tectate	Tectate
Echinate	Echinate	Echinate	Echinate	Echinate	Echinate	Echinate	Echinate
Echinate; nanogemmate to nanorugulate in areas between echini	Echinate; nanogemmate to nanorugulate to granulate in areas between echini	Echinate; nanogemmate to nanorugulate in areas between echini	Echinate; fossulate, perforate and nanogemmate in areas between echini	Echinate; fossulate, perforate and nanogemmate in areas between echini	Microechinate; granulate and perforate in areas between echini	Echinate; nanogemmate to granulate, perforate in areas between echini	Echinate; nanogemmate to nanorugulate in areas between echini
8–12 per 100 µm2	6–8 per 100 µm2	6–9 per 100 µm2	12–16 per 100 µm2	13–20 per 100 µm2	30–45 per 100 µm2	20–25 per 100 µm2	6–11 per 100 µm2
2.0–4.0	3.0–4.0	2.5–3.5	1.6–2.6	1.6–2.7	0.7–1.2	1.1–2.2	2.5–4.0
Nanogemmate to nanorugulate	Nanogemmate to nanorugulate to granulate	Nanogemmate to nanorugulate	Nanogemmate	Nanogemmate	Nanoechinate, nanogemmate and granulate	Nanogemmate to granulate	Nanogemmate to nanorugulate
2	2	2	N/A	N/A	3	N/A	2

Note: All measurements include only those from this study and are given in µm. Most diagnostic features appear in bold font. N/A = not applicable.