Figure 4.

Species composition on a generic landscape with a size of 2.5 × 10⁷ ha with a temperature gradient over 5.5° (left). The simulated vegetation transitions over 500 year from a random initial state (year 1) to clearly separated vegetation zones (year 500). Shown are the 18 most frequent compositional types. The used species codes are ‘piab’ for Picea abies, ‘pisy’ for Pinus sylvestris, ‘lade’ for Larix decidua, ‘fasy’ for Fagus sylvatica, and ‘abal’ for Abies alba. Dominant species (i.e. >66% of the biomass) are indicated by uppercase species codes