Table 1.
Convergent/parallel evolution sites for eight genes in H5 human isolates.
| Gene | Convergent/Parallel sites | P values | Phenotype |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB2 | I64M | P < 0.05* | Human host marker |
| V108A | P < 0.05* | ||
| I147M | P < 0.05* | ||
| E192K | P < 0.05* | ||
| T271A | P < 0.05* | Human host marker (host-specific polymerase activity) | |
| A274T | P < 0.05* | Increased polymerase activity, increased virulence in mammals and birds | |
| T339M | P < 0.05* | Enhanced polymerase activity, increased virulence in mice | |
| R369K | P < 0.05* | ||
| V444L | P > 0.05 | ||
| V451I | P < 0.05* | ||
| N456D | P < 0.05* | ||
| I461V | P < 0.05* | ||
| S489P | P > 0.05 | ||
| M570V | P < 0.05* | ||
| Q591K | P < 0.05* | Increased virulence in mammals | |
| I615V | P < 0.05* | ||
| E627K | P < 0.05* | Human host marker, enhanced polymerase activity, increased virulence in mammals | |
| V649I | P < 0.05* | ||
| D701N | P < 0.05* | Increased polymerase activity, increased virulence in mammals, mammalian host marker | |
| G727R | P < 0.05* | ||
| D740N | P < 0.05* | ||
| S741F | P < 0.05* | ||
| HA | Q30P | P > 0.05 | |
| D31N | P < 0.05* | ||
| K35R | P < 0.05* | ||
| D45N | P < 0.05* | ||
| A86V | P > 0.05 | ||
| D88G | P < 0.05* | ||
| A127T | P < 0.05* | ||
| A/T127S | P < 0.05* | ||
| A134V | P < 0.05* | Increased virus binding to 2,6 | |
| R140K | P < 0.05* | ||
| M140T | P < 0.05* | ||
| S141P | P < 0.05* | ||
| D154N | P < 0.05* | Airborne transmissibility in mammals | |
| R162I | P < 0.05* | ||
| V174I | P < 0.05* | ||
| N182S | P < 0.05* | Increased virus binding to 2,6 | |
| A184E | P > 0.05 | ||
| E184G | P < 0.05* | Increased virulence in mammals | |
| T195A | P < 0.05* | ||
| T/N195I | P < 0.05* | ||
| K189R | P < 0.05* | ||
| V210A | P > 0.05 | ||
| V219I | P < 0.05* | ||
| S223N | P < 0.05* | Increased virus binding to 2,6 | |
| R310K | P < 0.05* | ||
| R323K | P < 0.05* | ||
| R326K | P < 0.05* | ||
| I375M | P < 0.05* | ||
| D376N | P < 0.05* | Increased virulence in mammals | |
| D387N | P < 0.05* | ||
| E433G | P < 0.05* | ||
| N476D | P < 0.05* | ||
| E477K | P < 0.05* | ||
| M479I | P < 0.05* | ||
| R497K | P < 0.05* | Increased virus binding to 2,6 | |
| E502G | P < 0.05* | ||
| M532I | P < 0.05* | ||
| V533I | P < 0.05* | ||
| PB1 | I57T | P < 0.05* | |
| E172D | P < 0.05* | ||
| M179I | P < 0.05* | ||
| S361G | P < 0.05* | ||
| N375S | P < 0.05* | Increased polymerase activity, increased virulence in mammals, human host marker | |
| K387R | P < 0.05* | ||
| L598P | P < 0.05* | Increased polymerase activity and replication efficiency | |
| PA | F4C | P < 0.05* | |
| M12I | P < 0.05* | ||
| M86V | P < 0.05* | ||
| T97I | P < 0.05* | Enhanced polymerase activity, increased virulence in mice | |
| F105L | P < 0.05* | ||
| K142E | P > 0.05 | ||
| L226F | P < 0.05* | ||
| E237K | P < 0.05* | ||
| C241Y | P > 0.05 | Enhance the replicative ability of an H5N1 virus in A549 cells and enhance its pathogenicity in mice | |
| P275L | P < 0.05* | ||
| N321K | P < 0.05* | Increased polymerase activity | |
| T369A | P < 0.05* | ||
| V387I | P < 0.05* | ||
| K615R | P < 0.05* | Increased polymerase activity, increased virulence in mammals, mammalian host marker | |
| NP | R100I | P < 0.05* | |
| A284T | P < 0.05* | Increased virulence in mice | |
| V343I | P < 0.05* | Highly BNP-sensitive to moderately BNP-resistant | |
| R384K | P < 0.05* | ||
| S413L | P < 0.05* | ||
| P419S | P < 0.05* | ||
| R452K | P < 0.05* | ||
| P453S | P < 0.05* | ||
| NA1 | I8T | P < 0.05* | |
| I/V16A | P < 0.05* | ||
| V16I | P < 0.05* | ||
| V33I | P < 0.05* | ||
| N39S | P < 0.05* | ||
| P45T | P < 0.05* | ||
| K55R | P < 0.05* | ||
| A58T | P < 0.05* | ||
| K241R | P < 0.05* | ||
| I243V | P < 0.05* | ||
| N305T | P < 0.05* | ||
| G318S | P < 0.05* | ||
| P323S | P < 0.05* | ||
| S364N | P < 0.05* | ||
| G365E | P < 0.05* | ||
| I380V | P < 0.05* | ||
| V404I | P < 0.05* | ||
| N430S | P < 0.05* | ||
| N430D | P < 0.05* | ||
| G435S | P < 0.05* | ||
| T441D | P < 0.05* | ||
| NA2, NA3, NA4, NA5, NA6, NA7, NA8, NA9 | NA | ||
| MP | T137A | P < 0.05* | Human host marker |
| A239T | P < 0.05* | ||
| C269Y | P < 0.05* | ||
| V280I | P < 0.05* | ||
| S283N | P < 0.05* | ||
| D340N | P < 0.05* | ||
| NS1 | G47S | P < 0.05* | |
| N48S | P < 0.05* | ||
| R59H | P < 0.05* | ||
| R67Q | P < 0.05* | ||
| E70K | P < 0.05* | ||
| T81I | P < 0.05* | ||
| R88C | P < 0.05* | ||
| V136A | P < 0.05* | ||
| I137V | P < 0.05* | ||
| D139N | P < 0.05* | ||
| L185F | P < 0.05* | ||
| S205N | P < 0.05* | Decreased IFN antagonism, conferred enhanced in-contact transmissibility in guinea pigs | |
| D209N | P < 0.05* | ||
| V209I | P < 0.05* | ||
| L212F | P < 0.05* | ||
| NEP/NS2 | M/A14V | P < 0.05* | |
| A48T | P < 0.05* | ||
| T/V115A | P < 0.05* | ||