Table 1.
Participation in the Health and Quality of Life 15 Years after 9/11 Study by demographic characteristics, injury, and health history, and World Trade Center (WTC) exposures
| Participated (N = 4033, 76.1%) | Did not participate (1264, 23.9%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | aRRa (95% CI) | |
| Injury status as reported at Wave 1 | |||
| Injured | 2038 (75.5) | 661 (24.5) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.15) |
| Non-injured | 1995 (76.8) | 603 (23.2) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Age at time of study invitation (years) | |||
| 31–49 | 928 (69.8) | 402 (30.2) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 50–59 | 1308 (76.2) | 408 (23.8) | 0.74 (0.65, 0.85) |
| 60–69 | 1298 (79.7) | 330 (20.3) | 0.67 (0.58, 0.78) |
| 70–94 | 499 (80.1) | 124 (19.9) | 0.61 (0.48, 0.78) |
| Sex | |||
| Men | 2311 (77.7) | 664 (22.3) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Women | 1722 (74.2) | 600 (25.8) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) |
| Race/ Ethnicity | |||
| White | 2963 (78.1) | 829 (21.9) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Black | 401 (72.5) | 152 (27.5) | 1.17 (0.98, 1.40) |
| Latino | 399 (70.0) | 171 (30.0) | 1.19 (1.01, 1.40) |
| Asian | 159 (72.6) | 60 (27.4) | 1.15 (0.90, 1.48) |
| Other race | 111 (68.1) | 52 (31.9) | 1.38 (1.07, 1.78) |
| Education at Wave 4 | |||
| ≤ High school/ GED | 434 (73.3) | 158 (26.7) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Some college | 1128 (75.5) | 366 (24.5) | 0.83 (0.70, 0.99) |
| College | 1287 (77.2) | 381 (22.8) | 0.77 (0.64, 0.92) |
| Graduate degree | 1152 (78.2) | 322 (21.8) | 0.72 (0.60, 0.88) |
| Marital Status at Wave 4 | |||
| Married/cohabitating | 2742 (77.6) | 792 (22.4) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Divorced | 508 (71.5) | 202 (28.5) | 1.23 (1.06, 1.43) |
| Widowed | 156 (77.6) | 45 (22.4) | 1.01 (0.74, 1.39) |
| Never married | 583 (75.8) | 186 (24.2) | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) |
| Income at Wave 4 | |||
| ≤ $50,000 | 696 (73.9) | 246 (26.1) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| $50,000–$150,000 | 1912 (77.4) | 559 (22.6) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.08) |
| ≥ $150,000 | 1194 (76.0) | 378 (24.0) | 1.08 (0.90, 1.30) |
| Employment status at Wave 4 | |||
| Employed | 2418 (75.0) | 808 (25.0) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Retired | 1050 (80.6) | 252 (19.4) | 0.91 (0.77, 1.07) |
| Student/Homemaker | 63 (68.5) | 29 (31.5) | 1.23 (0.89, 1.69) |
| Unemployed due to health reasons | 289 (75.5) | 94 (24.5) | 0.80 (0.63, 1.00) |
| Unemployed due to other reasons | 146 (78.1) | 41 (21.9) | 0.81 (0.59, 1.11) |
| Eligibility group | |||
| Rescue and recovery worker | 1114 (76.9) | 334 (23.1) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Lower Manhattan resident | 399 (70.9) | 164 (29.1) | 1.22 (0.99, 1.50) |
| Lower Manhattan area worker/passerby | 2520 (76.7) | 766 (23.3) | 1.03 (0.89, 1.19) |
| WTC exposure score | |||
| None/low | 682 (78.3) | 189 (21.7) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Medium | 1585 (76.0) | 501 (24.0) | 1.05 (0.89, 1.23) |
| High | 1373 (75.4) | 448 (24.6) | 1.08 (0.90, 1.29) |
| Very high | 393 (75.7) | 126 (24.3) | 0.97 (0.76, 1.24) |
| Ever-PTSDb | |||
| No | 2269 (77.7) | 650 (22.3) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Yes | 1519 (75.3) | 498 (24.7) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.09) |
| Self-rated health at Wave 4 | |||
| Excellent | 347 (76.9) | 104 (23.1) | 0.74 (0.55, 0.98) |
| Very Good | 1113 (79.1) | 294 (20.9) | 0.64 (0.50, 0.82) |
| Good | 1485 (77.2) | 439 (22.8) | 0.74 (0.59, 0.92) |
| Fair | 842 (73.9) | 298 (26.1) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.06) |
| Poor | 209 (70.4) | 88 (29.6) | 1.00 (Reference) |
a Risk ratio models the outcome as not participating. Model controls for all factors listed in the table
b Ever had a PCL score ≥ 44 on Wave 1, Wave 2, Wave 3, and/or Wave 4