Table 2.
Means and SDs of baseline and change from baseline to follow-up values—intention-to-treat population
| Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | |||||||||
| Baseline | Change | Baseline | Change | Baseline | Change | Baseline | Change | |||||
| Total | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Total | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Total | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Total | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| Primary outcome | ||||||||||||
| Physical activity (mg) | 221 | 32.95 (8.62) | −1.13 (6.16) | 228 | 33.87 (9.81) | −1.35 (6.47) | 232 | 33.14 (8.84) | −1.61 (7.28) | 228 | 33.04 (9.93) | −1.95 (7.89) |
| Secondary continuous outcomes | ||||||||||||
| Total serum carotenoids (μmol/L) | 217 | 3.08 (1.22) | −0.50 (0.99) | 224 | 3.25 (1.57) | −0.40 (1.07) | 223 | 3.23 (1.36) | −0.42 (1.02) | 223 | 3.20 (1.40) | −0.56 (0.85) |
| Alpha-carotene (μmol/L) | 216 | 0.22 (0.15) | −0.03 (0.12) | 224 | 0.24 (0.23) | −0.02 (0.13) | 223 | 0.23 (0.17) | −0.02 (0.14) | 223 | 0.21 (0.15) | −0.03 (0.10) |
| Beta-carotene (μmol/L) | 217 | 0.90 (0.52) | −0.09 (0.44) | 224 | 0.97 (0.72) | −0.06 (0.43) | 223 | 0.98 (0.64) | −0.10 (0.42) | 223 | 0.91 (0.67) | −0.12 (0.33) |
| Lutein (μmol/L) | 217 | 0.44 (0.24) | −0.09 (0.15) | 224 | 0.47 (0.27) | −0.11 (0.17) | 223 | 0.49 (0.34) | −0.12 (0.24) | 223 | 0.48 (0.32) | −0.11 (0.19) |
| Lycopene (μmol/L) | 217 | 1.08 (0.46) | −0.15 (0.40) | 224 | 1.10 (0.48) | −0.13 (0.41) | 223 | 1.09 (0.45) | −0.10 (0.40) | 223 | 1.12 (0.42) | −0.18 (0.35) |
| Beta-cryptoxanthin (μmol/L) | 216 | 0.37 (0.29) | −0.11 (0.22) | 224 | 0.40 (0.39) | −0.06 (0.30) | 223 | 0.36 (0.25) | −0.05 (0.23) | 223 | 0.40 (0.41) | −0.11 (0.22) |
| Zeaxanthin (μmol/L) | 217 | 0.07 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.04) | 224 | 0.08 (0.05) | −0.02 (0.05) | 221 | 0.08 (0.06) | −0.03 (0.05) | 223 | 0.08 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 218 | 5.67 (1.31) | 0.25 (1.32) | 224 | 5.71 (1.31) | 0.13 (1.19) | 223 | 5.78 (1.38) | 0.12 (1.30) | 223 | 5.70 (1.22) | 0.17 (1.13) |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 218 | 1.71 (0.52) | 0.12 (0.44) | 224 | 1.75 (0.54) | 0.10 (0.38) | 223 | 1.72 (0.58) | 0.07 (0.42) | 223 | 1.67 (0.55) | 0.09 (0.41) |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 218 | 3.26 (1.08) | 0.28 (0.89) | 223 | 3.28 (1.04) | 0.15 (0.85) | 223 | 3.32 (1.03) | 0.20 (0.89) | 223 | 3.27 (0.91) | 0.17 (0.78) |
| ln-Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 218 | 0.18 (0.48) | −0.05 (0.39) | 223 | 0.18 (0.47) | −0.09 (0.41) | 223 | 0.23 (0.52) | −0.10 (0.41) | 223 | 0.27 (0.50) | −0.04 (0.45) |
| Fructosamine (μmol/L) | 218 | 255.84 (42.79) | 1.61 (47.79) | 224 | 259.79 (34.32) | −2.16 (40.09) | 223 | 261.24 (46.34) | −1.17 (48.33) | 223 | 256.44 (39.48) | −0.72 (46.95) |
| Weight (kg) | 236 | 78.74 (16.81) | 0.06 (3.09) | 239 | 78.31 (16.29) | −0.28 (3.81) | 239 | 77.63 (15.25) | −0.75 (7.29) | 238 | 79.30 (16.07) | −0.25 (2.60) |
| Fruit intake (servings/day) | 236 | 3.95 (1.60) | 0.08 (1.21) | 239 | 3.81 (1.64) | 0.74 (1.36) | 239 | 3.94 (1.64) | 0.58 (1.38) | 238 | 3.78 (1.66) | 0.54 (1.26) |
| Whole grain intake (servings/day) | 236 | 2.51 (1.56) | 0.04 (1.40) | 239 | 2.39 (1.63) | 0.39 (1.38) | 239 | 2.55 (1.58) | 0.32 (1.48) | 238 | 2.18 (1.56) | 0.38 (1.44) |
| Fish intake (servings/week) | 236 | 1.56 (1.04) | 0.08 (0.81) | 239 | 1.60 (0.97) | 0.18 (0.85) | 239 | 1.49 (1.03) | 0.26 (0.79) | 238 | 1.48 (1.00) | 0.27 (0.89) |
| Red and processed meat intake (servings/day) |
236 | 2.42 (1.39) | 0.00 (0.94) | 239 | 2.63 (1.53) | −0.36 (1.09) | 239 | 2.34 (1.48) | −0.26 (0.97) | 238 | 2.58 (1.45) | −0.10 (1.00) |
| Alcohol intake (units/week) | 236 | 9.11 (9.30) | −0.08 (3.71) | 239 | 9.54 (9.39) | −0.63 (3.96) | 239 | 10.05 (10.87) | −0.93 (4.56) | 238 | 12.30 (50.77) | −4.39 (54.89) |
| Physical activity level (4-point scale) | 216 | 3.62 (0.63) | 0.00 (0.73) | 213 | 3.69 (0.61) | −0.14 (0.91) | 213 | 3.65 (0.62) | −0.31 (1.06) | 214 | 3.59 (0.66) | −0.38 (1.16) |
| Perceived risk (comparative measure) | 236 | −0.67 (0.78) | −0.13 (0.68) | 238 | −0.70 (0.90) | −0.09 (0.72) | 238 | −0.61 (0.83) | −0.20 (0.75) | 237 | −0.59 (0.85) | −0.14 (0.66) |
| Perceived risk (absolute measure) | 236 | 33.19 (86.97) | −8.75 (98.53) | 238 | 30.69 (72.22) | −3.67 (55.19) | 238 | 32.66 (52.99) | −13.71 (55.85) | 237 | 32.14 (53.90) | −4.99 (57.87) |
| Overall stress | 235 | 2.63 (0.83) | −0.14 (0.66) | 237 | 2.58 (0.87) | −0.11 (0.61) | 236 | 2.63 (0.90) | −0.15 (0.67) | 237 | 2.68 (0.89) | −0.13 (0.65) |
| Mood | 234 | 0.28 (0.63) | −0.01 (0.47) | 236 | 0.28 (0.60) | −0.08 (0.50) | 233 | 0.33 (0.64) | −0.08 (0.55) | 235 | 0.36 (0.68) | −0.09 (0.52) |
| Total | % (N) | % | Total | % (N) | % | Total | % (N) | % | Total | % (N) | % | |
| Secondary binary outcomes | ||||||||||||
| Smoker | 236 | 2.53 (6) | 0.84 | 239 | 2.93 (7) | −1.26 | 239 | 1.26 (3) | −0.42 | 238 | 4.62 (11) | −0.42 |
| Perceived risk>phenotypic risk | 237 | 86.08 (204) | −5.49 | 238 | 81.59 (195) | −2.93 | 238 | 89.54 (214) | −14.23 | 237 | 85.29 (203) | −15.13 |
Group 1: control; group 2: lifestyle advice only; group 3: phenotypic risk estimate and lifestyle advice; group 4: phenotypic and genetic risk estimate and lifestyle advice.
Change from baseline was calculated as follow-up minus baseline.
HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.