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. 2019 Jun 12;10:1324. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01324

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Copyright © 2019 Liu, Liang, Liang, Wang, Lu, Xue, Deng and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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F. nucleatum promotes M1 polarization via AKT2 signaling. (A) AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3 expression measured by qRT-PCR. (B) Representative colon images of AKT2 IHC staining. Representative images are shown. Scale bars, 25 μm. (C) iNOS, Arg1, PI3K, AKT2, phospho-AKT2, and GAPDH levels measured by Western blot. (D) BMDMs F4/80 and CD16/32 staining by flow cytometry. Ratio of F4/80 and CD16/32 double positive cells were performed. (E) M1 markers, TNF-α and iNOS; M2 markers, IL-10; and Arg-1, as detected by qRT-PCR. (F) BMDMs were immunostained with iNOS (red) and DAPI (blue) from each group. Representative images are shown. Scale bars, 50 μm. (G) iNOS, Arg1, PI3K, AKT2, phospho-AKT2, and GAPDH as measured by Western blot. Each experiment was performed at least three times. Data are presented as means ± SD. ^*P < 0.05; ^**P < 0.01; ^***P < 0.001; Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Student's t-test (two-tailed).