Table 1.

Pharmacological properties of A. orientale.

Extraction solvent	Country	Type	Model	Efficient doses	Results	References
Antisteatotic activity
Water	China	In vitro	DL-ethionine-treated rat hepatocytes	1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 μg/ml	Apolipoprotein B ↑ liver TG ↓ lipid droplet ↓	[13]
		In vivo	High-fat diet rats	2.26 g/kg	Liver TG↓	[17]
Ethanol	South Korea	In vitro	FFA-treated HepG2	100 μg/ml	Lipid droplet ↓	[11]
		In vitro	NEFAs-treated HepG2	300 μg/ml	Lipid droplet ↓ FAS mRNA & protein ↓ ACC mRNA & protein ↓	[12]
Methanol	China	In vivo	High-fat diet rats	300, 600 mg/kg	Liver weight↓ Liver weight/body weight ratio↓ Liver TG ↓ lipid droplet ↓	[16]
	South Korea	In vivo	Benzo(a)pyrene-injected rats	0.15 g/kg	Liver TG↓	[14]
	South Korea	In vitro	Tunicamycin-treated HepG2	10, 50, and 100 μg/ml	TG ↓ VLDL receptor ↓ Apolipoprotein B ↑	[15]
		In vitro	Palmitate -treated HepG2	10, 50, and 100 μg/ml	Hepatic lipogenic genes (FAS, ACC, and GPAT) ↓ TG ↓ VLDL receptor ↓Apolipoprotein B ↑
		In vivo	Tunicamycin-injected mice	50, 100 mg/kg	Liver TG ↓VLDL receptor ↓Apolipoprotein B ↑
		In vivo	High-fat diet mice	100, 300 mg/kg	Hepatic lipogenic genes ↓liver TG ↓VLDL receptor↓ Apolipoprotein B ↑
Antioxidant activity
Water	South Korea	In vitro	Palmitate -treated HepG2	100 μg/ml	ROS ↓ TBARS ↓	[21]
Ethanol	South Korea	In vitro	tert-Butyl hydroperoxide-induced HepG2	0.05, 0.1 mg/ml	Free radicals ↓ Superoxide anions ↓ MDA ↓	[20]
		In vivo	tert-Butyl hydroperoxide-induced rats	1 g/kg	Liver MDA ↓
Methanol	China	In vivo	High-fat diet rats	300, 600 mg/kg	Serum MDA ↓ Serum SOD ↑	[16]
	South Korea	In vivo	High-fat diet rats	100, 200, and 300 mg/kg	Serum MDA ↓	[19]
Antilipoapoptotic activity
Water	South Korea	In vitro	Palmitate -treated HepG2	100 μg/ml	Apoptotic cells ↓ sub-G1 cells ↓ BAX ↓ Bcl-2 ↑ pJNK ↓	[21]
	South Korea	In vitro	Palmitate -treated HepG2	10, 100 μg/ml	Sub-G1 cells ↓	[23]
Ethanol	South Korea	In vitro	NEFAs-treated HepG2	300 μg/ml	MAPK8 mRNA ↓ p-JNK ↓ BAX ↓ Bcl-2 ↑ Cleaved caspase-9 ↓ Cleaved caspase-3↓	[12]
	South Korea	In vitro	FFA-treated HepG2	100 μg/ml	p-JNK ↓ PUMA mRNA & protein ↓ BAX ↓ Bcl-2 ↑ Cleaved caspase-3 ↓ Cleaved caspase-9 ↓	[11]
Hepatoprotective activity
Water	South Korea	In vivo	High-fat diet mice	100, 300 mg/kg	Serum AST ↓ Serum ALT ↓	[26]
	China	In vivo	High-fat diet mice	2.26 g/kg	Serum AST ↓ Serum ALT ↓	[17]
	South Korea	In vivo	Benzo(a)pyrene-injected rats	9 g/kg	Serum AST ↓ Serum ALT ↓ Liver AST ↓ Liver ALT ↓	[27]
Ethanol	South Korea	In vivo	tert-Butyl hydroperoxide-induced rats	1 g/kg	Serum AST ↓ Serum ALT ↓	[20]
Methanol	China	In vivo	High-fat diet rats	150, 300, and 600 mg/kg	Serum AST ↓ Serum ALT ↓	[16]
	South Korea	In vivo	High-fat diet rats	100, 200, and 300 mg/kg	Serum AST ↓ Serum ALT ↓	[19]
	South Korea	In vivo	Acetaminophen-injected rats	250, 500 mg/kg	Serum AST ↓ Serum ALT ↓	[28]
Anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activity
Water	South Korea	In vivo	High-fat diet mice	100 mg/kg	Serum adiponectin↑	[26]
Ethanol	South Korea	In vitro	NEFAs-treated HepG2	300 μg/ml	NF-κB p65(p65) ↓ p-p65 ↓ COX-2 ↓ iNOS ↓	[12]
	South Korea	In vitro	Human hepatic stellate cells	0.02, 0.1 mg/ml	TIMP-1↓	[29]
Methanol	South Korea	In vitro	Tunicamycin-treated HepG2	10, 50, and 100 μg/ml	GRP78 mRNA↓ CHOP mRNA↓ XBP-1 mRNA↓ IL-6 mRNA ↓ TNF-α mRNA↓ MCP-1 mRNA ↑	[15]
		In vitro	Palmitate -treated HepG2	10, 50, and 100 μg/ml
		In vivo	Tunicamycin-injected mice	50, 100 mg/kg	Liver GRP78 mRNA↓ liver CHOP mRNA↓ liver XBP-1 mRNA↓ liver IL-6 mRNA ↓ Liver TNF-α mRNA↓ liver MCP-1 mRNA ↑
		In vivo	High-fat diet mice	100, 300 mg/kg
	China	In vivo	High-fat diet rats	150, 300, and 600 mg/kg	Liver collagen deposition↓	[16]
Hypolipidemic activity
Water	South Korea	In vitro	Microsome from rat liver	10 μl	Liver ACAT↓ Liver HMA-CoA reductase↓	[30]
	South Korea	In vivo	High-fat diet mice	100 mg/kg	Serum TG ↓ Serum TC ↓ Serum LDL ↓ Serum HDL ↑ Serum HDL/LDL ↑	[26]
	China	In vivo	High-fat diet rats	2.26 g/kg	Serum TC ↓ Serum TG ↓ Liver TC ↓ Serum HDL ↑ Liver HMG-CoA reductase ↓	[17]
Methanol	China	In vivo	High-fat diet rats	300, 600 mg/kg	Serum TC ↓ Serum TG ↓ Liver TC ↓	[16]
	South Korea	In vivo	Benzo(a)pyrene-injected rats	0.15 g/kg	Serum TG↓ Serum TC↓ liver TC↓	[14]
	South Korea	In vivo	High-fat diet rats	100, 200, and 300 mg/kg	Serum LDL ↓	[19]
Antiobesity activity
Water	China	In vivo	Goto-Kakizaki rats	3 mg/g	Body weight↓	[31]
	South Korea	In vivo	High-fat diet mice	100 mg/kg	Body weight↓ Total fat weight/ Body weight↓ Adipocyte size↓ Serum Adiponectin↑	[32]
	South Korea	In vitro	3T3-L1 cells	10 mg/ml	Proliferation↓ Differentiation↓	[33]
	China	In vitro	Caco-2/TC7 transfected with human ApoA-IV promoter	1 mg/ml	ApoA-IV promoter activity↑ ApoA-IV mRNA↑	[34]
			3T3-L1 cells	1, 10 mg/ml	TG↓
Ethanol	South Korea	In vitro	OP9 cells	20, 40 μg/ml	PPARγ protein↓ PPARγ mRNA↓ C/EBPα mRNA↓ C/EBPβ protein↓	[35]
Methanol	China	In vivo	High-fat diet rats	300, 600 mg/kg	Epididymal fat weight ↓ Epididymal fat weight/body weight↓	[16]
Hypoglycemic activity
Water	China	In vitro	BBMV	1 mg/ml	Intestinal glucose absorption ↓	[36]
			Hs68 cells	0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/ml	Fibroblast glucose uptake ↑
			3T3-L1 cells	0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/ml	Adipocyte glucose uptake ↑
	China	In vivo	Streptozotocin-induced mice	1.5, 3 g/kg	Serum glucose ↓ Serum insulin ↑	[37]
	South Korea	In vivo	Streptozotocin-induced rats	61.25 mg/kg	Serum glucose ↓	[38]
	China	In vivo	Goto-Kakizaki rats	3 mg/g	Fasting serum glucose ↓ glucose tolerance ↑	[31]
	South Korea	In vivo	High-fat diet mice	100 mg/kg	Serum adiponectin↑ Liver PGC-1α, ERRγ, G6Pase, PEPCK mRNA↓	[26]
Ethanol	South Korea	In vitro	3T3-L1 cells	50 μg/ml	PPARγ agonist activity ↑	[39]
Methanol	China	In vivo	High-fat diet rats	300, 600 mg/kg	Fasting serum glucose ↓ insulin sensitivity index ↑ Insulin resistance index ↓	[16]
Alcohol	China	In vitro	3T3-L1 cells	25, 50, and 100 μg/ml	Adipocyte glucose uptake ↑	[40]
			α-Glucosidase assay	25 μg/ml	α-Glucosidase activity ↓
Ethyl acetate	China	In vivo	High-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced mice	100 mg/kg	Fasting serum glucose ↓ serum insulin ↑ serum HbA1c ↓ IRS-1 protein ↑ Akt protein ↑	[41]