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. 2019 Jun 3;2019:2943162. doi: 10.1155/2019/2943162

Table 2.

Pharmacological activities of Alisol A 24-acetate, Alisol B 23-acetate, Alisol F, and Alismol.

Pharmacological effects Country Type Model Doses Results References
Alisol A 24-acetate

Antisteatotic China In vitro FFA-treated HepG2 10 μM Lipid droplet↓ FAS, ACC, AMPK, SREBP-1c mRNA & protein ↓ 
CPT1, ACOX1 mRNA & protein ↑
[42]
China In vitro MCD-treated WRL-68 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 μM TG↓ [43]
In vivo MCD diet mice 60 mg/kg Lipid droplet↓ Liver TG↓ Liver FFA↓
Antioxidant China In vivo MCD diet mice 60 mg/kg Liver ROS, MDA, MPO↓
In vitro LX-2 4, 8 μM ROS↓
Hepatoprotective China In vivo MCD diet mice 30, 60 mg/kg Serum AST↓ Serum ALT↓
Anti-inflammatory China In vivo MCD diet mice 60 mg/kg Liver inflammatory foci↓ IL-6↓ IL-1β↓ MCP-1↓
In vitro LX-2 4, 8 μM IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1 mRNA↓
In vitro FFA-treated HepG2 10 μM TNF-α ↓ IL-6 ↓ Adiponectin ↑ [42]
Antifibrotic China In vivo MCD diet mice 60 mg/kg Liver extracellular matrix↓ α-SMA↓ TGF-β↓ TIMP↓ [43]
In vitro LX-2 8, 16 μM α-SMA, TGF-β mRNA&protein↓ TIMP mRNA↓
Hypolipidemic China In vivo Lipid emulsion diet mice 0.64, 1.28, and 2.56 mg/kg Serum TC, TG, LDL, HDL↓ liver HMG-CoA reductase ↓ [44]
Japan In vivo Atherogenic diet rats 97.5 mg/kg Serum TC↓ Liver fat↓ Liver TC↓ [45]
Antiobesity China In vitro FFA-treated HepG2 10 μM Adiponectin ↑ [42]
Hypoglycemic China In vitro FFA-treated HepG2 10 μM Adiponectin ↑

Alisol B 23-acetate

Antisteatotic China In vivo MCD diet mice 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg Lipid droplet↓ liver TG, FFA↓ FAS, ACC, SCD1 protein↓ 
CPT1, ACOX1 mRNA↑ PPARα mRNA↑
[46]
Antioxidant South Korea In vivo Bromobenzene -injected rats 10, 20 mg/kg Liver MDA, glutathione↓liver Glutathione↓ [47]
Hepatoprotective China In vivo MCD diet mice 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg Serum AST↓ Serum ALT↓ [46]
Anti-inflammatory China In vivo MCD diet mice 30, 60 mg/kg Serum MCP-1↓ mouse keratinocyte-derived chemokine↓
60 mg/kg liver MCP-1, VCAM-1 mRNA↓
Antifibrotic China In vivo MCD diet mice 60 mg/kg a1(I), a2(I) collagen mRNA↓ 
α-SMA, TGF-β, MMP-2, TIMP-1 mRNA↓
Hypolipidemic China In vivo Lipid emulsion diet mice 0.64, 1.28, 2.56 mg/kg Serum TC, TG, LDL, HDL↓ liver HMG-CoA reductase ↓ [44]
China In vivo MCD diet mice 30, 60 mg/kg Serum TG, FFA, TC↓ liver TC↓ LPL mRNA↑ ApoC-II mRNA↑ ApoC-III mRNA↓ ANGPTL3 mRNA↓ [46]

Alisol F

Hepatoprotective China In vivo LPS/D-gal-induced mice 20 mg/kg Serum AST↓ Serum ALT↓ [48]
Anti-inflammatory China In vitro LPS-treated RAW264.7 3.7, 11, and 33 μM iNOS, COX-2 mRNA & protein↓ 
TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β mRNA & protein↓ 
NF-κB↓ MAPKs(ERK, p38, JNK)↓ STAT3↓
In vivo LPS/D-gal-induced mice 20 mg/kg Serum TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β ↓ liver MAPKs(ERK, JNK)↓
China In vitro LPS-treated RAW264.7 3.7, 11, and 33 μM NO↓ [49]
Japan In vitro LPS-treated macrophages 50, 100 μM NO↓ iNOS↓ [50]
Hypoglycemic China In vitro 3T3-L1 cells 10 μM Cell differentiation↓ [40]
α-Glucosidase assay 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2.5 mM α-Glucosidase activity↓

Alismol

Anti-inflammatory South Korea In vitro Tunicamycin-treated HepG2 100 μM GRP78 mRNA↓ [15]
China In vitro LPS-treated RAW264.7 0.39, 1.56, 6.25, 25, and 100 μM NO↓ [51]
Japan In vitro LPS-treated macrophages 50, 100 μM NO↓ iNOS↓ [50]
Antihypertensive Japan In vivo Hypertensive rats 100 mg/kg Blood pressure↓ [52]
Japan In vivo Heparin-treated rats 10 mM Cardiac output↓ Heart rate↓ Left ventricular pressure↓ Coronary flow↑ [53]
Japan In vitro Ca2+-treated rabbit thoracic aorta tissue 10, 300 mM Contractile response↓ [54]
Japan In vitro Angiotensin I-treated rabbit thoracic aorta tissue 10 mM Contractile response↓ [55]
Japan In vitro Noradrenaline 10 mM Contractile response↓ [56]