Table 2.
Pharmacological effects | Country | Type | Model | Doses | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alisol A 24-acetate | ||||||
| ||||||
Antisteatotic | China | In vitro | FFA-treated HepG2 | 10 μM | Lipid droplet↓ FAS, ACC, AMPK, SREBP-1c mRNA & protein ↓ CPT1, ACOX1 mRNA & protein ↑ |
[42] |
China | In vitro | MCD-treated WRL-68 | 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 μM | TG↓ | [43] | |
In vivo | MCD diet mice | 60 mg/kg | Lipid droplet↓ Liver TG↓ Liver FFA↓ | |||
Antioxidant | China | In vivo | MCD diet mice | 60 mg/kg | Liver ROS, MDA, MPO↓ | |
In vitro | LX-2 | 4, 8 μM | ROS↓ | |||
Hepatoprotective | China | In vivo | MCD diet mice | 30, 60 mg/kg | Serum AST↓ Serum ALT↓ | |
Anti-inflammatory | China | In vivo | MCD diet mice | 60 mg/kg | Liver inflammatory foci↓ IL-6↓ IL-1β↓ MCP-1↓ | |
In vitro | LX-2 | 4, 8 μM | IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1 mRNA↓ | |||
In vitro | FFA-treated HepG2 | 10 μM | TNF-α ↓ IL-6 ↓ Adiponectin ↑ | [42] | ||
Antifibrotic | China | In vivo | MCD diet mice | 60 mg/kg | Liver extracellular matrix↓ α-SMA↓ TGF-β↓ TIMP↓ | [43] |
In vitro | LX-2 | 8, 16 μM | α-SMA, TGF-β mRNA&protein↓ TIMP mRNA↓ | |||
Hypolipidemic | China | In vivo | Lipid emulsion diet mice | 0.64, 1.28, and 2.56 mg/kg | Serum TC, TG, LDL, HDL↓ liver HMG-CoA reductase ↓ | [44] |
Japan | In vivo | Atherogenic diet rats | 97.5 mg/kg | Serum TC↓ Liver fat↓ Liver TC↓ | [45] | |
Antiobesity | China | In vitro | FFA-treated HepG2 | 10 μM | Adiponectin ↑ | [42] |
Hypoglycemic | China | In vitro | FFA-treated HepG2 | 10 μM | Adiponectin ↑ | |
| ||||||
Alisol B 23-acetate | ||||||
| ||||||
Antisteatotic | China | In vivo | MCD diet mice | 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg | Lipid droplet↓ liver TG, FFA↓ FAS, ACC, SCD1 protein↓ CPT1, ACOX1 mRNA↑ PPARα mRNA↑ |
[46] |
Antioxidant | South Korea | In vivo | Bromobenzene -injected rats | 10, 20 mg/kg | Liver MDA, glutathione↓liver Glutathione↓ | [47] |
Hepatoprotective | China | In vivo | MCD diet mice | 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg | Serum AST↓ Serum ALT↓ | [46] |
Anti-inflammatory | China | In vivo | MCD diet mice | 30, 60 mg/kg | Serum MCP-1↓ mouse keratinocyte-derived chemokine↓ | |
60 mg/kg | liver MCP-1, VCAM-1 mRNA↓ | |||||
Antifibrotic | China | In vivo | MCD diet mice | 60 mg/kg | a1(I), a2(I) collagen mRNA↓ α-SMA, TGF-β, MMP-2, TIMP-1 mRNA↓ |
|
Hypolipidemic | China | In vivo | Lipid emulsion diet mice | 0.64, 1.28, 2.56 mg/kg | Serum TC, TG, LDL, HDL↓ liver HMG-CoA reductase ↓ | [44] |
China | In vivo | MCD diet mice | 30, 60 mg/kg | Serum TG, FFA, TC↓ liver TC↓ LPL mRNA↑ ApoC-II mRNA↑ ApoC-III mRNA↓ ANGPTL3 mRNA↓ | [46] | |
| ||||||
Alisol F | ||||||
| ||||||
Hepatoprotective | China | In vivo | LPS/D-gal-induced mice | 20 mg/kg | Serum AST↓ Serum ALT↓ | [48] |
Anti-inflammatory | China | In vitro | LPS-treated RAW264.7 | 3.7, 11, and 33 μM | iNOS, COX-2 mRNA & protein↓ TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β mRNA & protein↓ NF-κB↓ MAPKs(ERK, p38, JNK)↓ STAT3↓ |
|
In vivo | LPS/D-gal-induced mice | 20 mg/kg | Serum TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β ↓ liver MAPKs(ERK, JNK)↓ | |||
China | In vitro | LPS-treated RAW264.7 | 3.7, 11, and 33 μM | NO↓ | [49] | |
Japan | In vitro | LPS-treated macrophages | 50, 100 μM | NO↓ iNOS↓ | [50] | |
Hypoglycemic | China | In vitro | 3T3-L1 cells | 10 μM | Cell differentiation↓ | [40] |
α-Glucosidase assay | 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2.5 mM | α-Glucosidase activity↓ | ||||
| ||||||
Alismol | ||||||
| ||||||
Anti-inflammatory | South Korea | In vitro | Tunicamycin-treated HepG2 | 100 μM | GRP78 mRNA↓ | [15] |
China | In vitro | LPS-treated RAW264.7 | 0.39, 1.56, 6.25, 25, and 100 μM | NO↓ | [51] | |
Japan | In vitro | LPS-treated macrophages | 50, 100 μM | NO↓ iNOS↓ | [50] | |
Antihypertensive | Japan | In vivo | Hypertensive rats | 100 mg/kg | Blood pressure↓ | [52] |
Japan | In vivo | Heparin-treated rats | 10 mM | Cardiac output↓ Heart rate↓ Left ventricular pressure↓ Coronary flow↑ | [53] | |
Japan | In vitro | Ca2+-treated rabbit thoracic aorta tissue | 10, 300 mM | Contractile response↓ | [54] | |
Japan | In vitro | Angiotensin I-treated rabbit thoracic aorta tissue | 10 mM | Contractile response↓ | [55] | |
Japan | In vitro | Noradrenaline | 10 mM | Contractile response↓ | [56] |