Table 2.
List of the MPs recorded from Jazan region, diseases they were claimed to cure and ways of utilisation.
| N° | Family, Plant species, voucher specimen, endemism |
Habit | Habitat | Vernacular name | Plant part (s) used a | Preparations b | Utilization method | Pharmacological activity | RFC | Recorded literature use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACANTHACEAE | ||||||||||
| 1 | Blepharis ciliaris (L.) B. L. Burtt (CERSH-022) | Perennial herb | Sand dunes and plains | Al-Zaghaf | Lea, Roo, See | Pow, Dec | Decoction of leaves, roots and seeds is taken orally. The roots are ground to make a powder applied topically; eye drops | Fever, astringents, appetizer, cough, asthma, wounds, sores, pruritic, injuries, liver and GIT diseases, diuretic, urinary diseases, menstrual pain, spleen disorder, eye pain | 0.05 | Vitiligo, sores, wounds, fever, cough, asthma, anti-inflammatory, cataracts, astringents, eye inflammation, appetizer, antitoxic, diuretic, lung diseases, liver and spleen disorder [4–6] |
| 2 |
Anisotes trisulcus (Forssk.) Nees (endemic) (CERSH-044) |
Shrub | Fyfa Mountains | Math | Lea, flow | Dec | Boiling crushed fresh leaves and flowers in water and the water is taken orally | Fever, malaria, diabetes, foot inflammation, oedema, hepatoprotective, neurological disorder, hepatitis | 0.06 | Diabetes, malaria, hepatitis, oedema, epilepsy, anaesthetic, hepatoprotective, jaundice, antibacterial, cytotoxicity [7–9] |
| 3 |
Avicennia marina Forssk (CERSH-108) |
Sub-shrub | Along the shore-line | Shoura | Bar | Inf | Soaking crushed bark in water and the water is taken orally | Smallpox, sores, pruritic, induce women infertility, diabetes | 0.04 | Smallpox, diabetes [10, 11] |
| 4 |
Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk.) Brummitt (CERSH-076) |
Annual Herb | Tihama plains | Madhiafa, thouem | Who | Inf | Soaking crushed plant in water and the water is taken orally | Anti-snake venom | 0.02 | Anti-snake poison [5] |
| AGAVACEAE | ||||||||||
| 5 |
Dracaena ombet Kot. & Peyr. (rare) (CERSH-109) |
Tree | Fyfa mountains | Azef, Meqr | Aer, Res | Ext, Pas, Pow | Paste is applied topically for skin problems; the plant extract is taken orally for malaria, powdered resin is applied topically | Skin infections, wounds, burns, injuries, haemorrhage, smooth the hair, allergy, malaria, spasm | 0.03 | Wounds, burns, hair, spasm, strengthening, allergy, malaria [10] |
| AMARANTHACEAE | ||||||||||
| 6 |
Achyranthes aspera L. (CERSH-107) |
Perennial herb | Fyfa mountains | Mahwat | Who | Pas, Ext | Leaf paste is applied locally for skin diseases; root paste is applied on snake bite area, the plant extract is used for fever, abortion and labour pains and GIT diseases; gargle for toothache | Fever, astringent, colds, stomach ache, diuretic, skin diseases, acne, anti-inflammatory, pruritic, snake and scorpion stings, abortion and labour pains, toothache | 0.06 | Pruritic, fever, snake bites, jaundice, stomach-ache, toothache, colds [5, 12] |
| 7 |
Suaeda aegyptiaca Hasselq (CERSH-114) |
Perennial herb | Tihama plain and Farasan Islands | Suwwad | Lea | Pas | Leaf paste is applied topically | Contagious skin diseases, blisters, sores, pruritic | 0.02 | Blisters and sores [4] |
| 8 |
Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schultes (CERSH-046) |
Perennial herb | Common in Tihama plains | Al-Raa | Roo, lea, flow, See | Pow, Pas, Inf | Leaf paste is applied topically for skin diseases; soaking the crushed fresh plant in water and the water is taken orally | Headaches, wounds, injuries, bruises, toothache, snake and insect stings, malaria, kidney stones, bone fractures, rheumatism, neurological disorders | 0.09 | Headaches, toothache, haemostatic, wounds, ulcers, anti-inflammatory, neurological disorder, rheumatism, GIT diseases, bone problems, haemorrhage, kidney problems [6, 7, 12–15] |
| 9 | Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult (CERSH-115) | Perennial herb | Near the stagnant waters of the wadis | Al-Athlab | Who | Ext, Pas | Root paste is applied on scorpion sting area | Diuretic, GIT diseases; scorpion stings | 0.02 | Antimicrobial, scorpion sting [16] |
| 10 |
Amaranthus viridis L. (CERSH-075) |
Annual herb | Fyfa mountains | Kaf Almehana, Qutaifa | Who | Pas, Dec | Leaf used as emollient in scorpion stings | Blood purifier, piles, GIT diseases, abortifacient, scorpion stings | 0.04 | Scorpion stings [17] |
| APIACEAE | ||||||||||
| 11 |
Anethum graveolens L. (CERSH-045) |
Annual herb | Cultivated in gardens | Shibt/ snout | Lea, fru, Roo | Inf | Soaking crushed plant and the water is taken orally | Postnatal problems, GIT problems | 0.03 | GIT diseases [14] |
| 12 |
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (CERSH-116) |
Perennial herb | Mountains | Shamr | Roo, See | Pow, Dec | Boiling crushed fresh roots in water and the water is taken orally | Body energizer, tonic, GIT diseases, spasm, blood purifier, malaria | 0.04 | GIT diseases, urological, neurological, gynaecological, blood and immune system, cough, spasm [14, 18] |
| 13 |
Cuminum cyminum L. (CERSH-023) |
Annual herb | Cultivated in gardens | Cumin | See | Inf or Dec, Pow | Seeds powder applied externally; boiling crushed seeds in water and the water is taken orally | GIT problems, urinary diseases, scorpion stings, diabetes | 0.03 | GIT diseases, gynaecological, endocrine and nutritional problems, respiratory problems [14] |
| 14 | Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague (CERSH-001) | Shrub | Cultivated in gardens | Ajwain | Who, See, oil | Pow, Dec | Boiling crushed seeds in water and the water is taken orally; Seeds powder applied externally; oil is given to expel hookworms. | GIT diseases, hookworms, diarrhoea, asthma, coughs, influenza, cholera, kidney stones, urinary diseases, scorpion stings, SM disorders | 0.04 | GIT diseases, SM disorders, gynaecological, scorpion stings [14] |
| APOCYNACEAE | ||||||||||
| 15 |
Caralluma edulis (Edgew.) Benth. & Hook.f. (CERSH-074) |
Perennial herb | Along watercourses | Ghlotha | See, Ste | Pas, Pow | Powder mixed with milk and applied externally, leaf paste is applied topically | Malaria, respiratory and throat diseases, lung pains, scorpion stings and snake bites, chickenpox, smallpox, measles, pruritic | 0.04 | Chickenpox, smallpox, diabetes, measles, breast cancer [10, 19] |
| 16 |
Monolluma quadrangula (Forssk.) Plowes (CERSH-106) |
Perennial herb | Mountains | Ghalaf | Lea | Cook/ heated | Heated on coal then cooked with spices and eaten; the fresh plant is eaten to treat gastric ulcers and diabetes | Influenza, diabetes, spasm, gastric ulcers | 0.03 | Influenza, diabetes, spasm, gastric ulcers [10, 20] |
| 17 |
Ceropegia variegata Forssk. Decne. (endangered) (CERSH-047) |
Perennial herb | Along watercourses | Meyabesa | Aer | Pas | Leaf paste is applied externally in the abdominal area | Expel tapeworms | 0.02 | Taeniafuge [10] |
| 18 |
Calotropis procera (Aiton.) W.T. Aiton (CERSH-024) |
Small tree | Distributed in Tihama palin | Ushar | Flow, lea, Ste, lat | Ext, Pas, lini, Pou | Leaf paste is used to clean pain area. Leaf extract is applied directly against hair loss; Leaf paste and latex are used for locally for skin problems; poultice is applied on rheumatic pain | Body energizer, fever, asthma, headaches, indigestion, cough, diarrhoea, toothache, leprosy, wounds, muscles problems, skin infections, boils, psoriasis, hair loss, scorpion stings, malaria, diabetes | 0.08 | Skin infections, psoriasis, hair loss, diabetes, leishmaniosis, analgesic, respiratory problems, scorpion stings, strengthening muscles, rheumatism [5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 21] |
| 19 |
Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne (CERSH-002) |
Shrub | Sand dunes and plains | Markh | Who | Inf, Pas, Ext | Soaking crushed bark in water and the water is taken orally; crushed stems are applied to wounds; infusion of the whole plant mixed with butter milk is given for stomach disorders. | Headaches, diuretic, stomach disorders, wounds, stop bleeding, kidney disorders, urinary retention, SM and gynaecological disorders | 0.06 | diuretic, smallpox, psoriasis, eczema, dermatitis, diabetes, carminative, purgative, antitumor, hypolipidemic, anti-atherosclerotic [6] |
| 20 |
Nerium oleander L. (CERSH-093) |
Small tree | Cultivated in gardens | Difla | Lea, Roo | Pas, Ext, Pou | Extracts from leaves and roots are used internally; poultice is applied for skin problems. | Skin diseases, scabies, pruritic, bronchitis, coughs, diuretic, anti-snake venom | 0.06 | Diuretic, emetic, bronchitis, coughs, scabies [6, 18] |
| 21 |
Rhazya stricta Decne. (CERSH-119) |
Shrub | Tihama plains | Harmal | Lea, flow | Pow, Pas | Leaf paste is applied topically | Rheumatism, allergy, improving bad breath, skin rash, pruritic | 0.06 | Tonic, stimulant, syphilis, allergy, GIT disease, anti-microbial, colon cancer, anti-inflammatory, rheumatism [4, 6, 13, 14, 19] |
| 22 |
Carissa edulis Vahl (Forssk.) CERSH-073 |
Shrub or small tree | Fyfa Mountains | A'rm, Airoon | Lea, Fru | Pow, Pas | Berries are eaten raw; leaf paste is applied topically | Anti-snake venom, parasitic worms, colic, toothache, menstrual pain | 0.03 | Anthelmintic, stomach disorders, antiscorbutic, toothache, astringent [22] |
| 23 |
Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem & Schult. (rare, endemic) (CERSH-124) |
Shrub | Rocky slopes at intermediate elevations | Adnah | Aer, lat | Pow, Pas, Jui | Powdered plant is applied externally on the head; the plant juice is dropped directly in the mouth; the use of plant milky latex is applied topically to skin diseases (lotion) | Headache, GIT diseases, skin infections, rashes, pruritic, lice, muscle pain, dislocations, excites the sexual desire in women, venereal diseases, scorpion stings, teeth cleaning, pesticide | 0.07 | Headache, muscle pain, joint pain, kill lice, tonsillitis, skin diseases, cleaning the teeth, aphrodisiac, antiviral, antibacterial, venereal diseases [7, 10, 15, 23–26] |
| ASPARAGACEAE | ||||||||||
| 24 |
Sansevieria ehrenbergii Schweinf. ex Baker. (CERSH-078) |
Shrub | Tihama plains | Salb | Aer | Pow | Powder is applied topically on skin affected areas | Wounds, pruritic, injuries, insect bites, malaria | 0.03 | Wounds, insect bites [10] |
| ASPHODELACEAE | ||||||||||
| 25 |
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (CERSH-105) |
Shrub | Fyfa Mountains | Al-Maguar, Sabar | Lea, Roo | Jui, Ext, Pas | Leaf juice is given orally for menstrual trouble, treating gonorrhoea, liver and spleen disorders; leaf gel is applied topically for skin problems; paste is applied locally for rheumatism | Fever, laxative, sunstroke, malaria, eczema, psoriasis, hair loss, gastric ulcer, liver pain, diabetes, menstrual troubles, gonorrhoea, spleen disorders, nerve pain, rheumatism | 0.08 | Skin diseases, eczema, psoriasis, laxative, sunstroke, stomach ulcer, pain of nerves, gonorrhoea, menstrual trouble, liver and spleen disorders, rheumatism [5, 14, 15, 27] |
| 26 |
Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. (CERSH-025) |
Perennial herb | Along watercourses | Broque | See, Roo | Pas, Pou | Poultice is applied for skin problems and rheumatism | Skin diseases, wounds, anti-inflammatory, pruritic, rheumatism, colds | 0.02 | Eczema, alopecia, paralysis, earache [28] |
| ASTERACEAE | ||||||||||
| 27 |
Pulicaria undulata (L.) Kostel. (CERSH-090) |
Perennial herb | Fyfa Mountains | Gathgath | Who | Pas, Inf | Leaf paste is applied topically, infusion is taken orally for internal diseases | Skin diseases, wounds, central nervous system depression | 0.06 | Central nervous system depression, antimicrobial, breast cancer, liver cancer, leukaemia, diuretic [6, 19, 23] |
| 28 | Pulicaria jaubertii Gamal Ed Din (CERSH-048) | Perennial herb | Tihama plains and Farasan Island | Al-Arar/ Eter Elraee |
Who | Dec | Soaking crushed leaves in boiled water and the water is taken orally | Carminative, intestinal worms, digestive disorders, malaria | 0.03 | Anthelmintic, antimicrobial, antifungal, antimalarial, insecticidal [29] |
| 29 |
Pulicaria schimperi DC. (CERSH-072) |
Annual or biennial herb | Fyfa Mountains | Sakab | Lea | Pas | Leaf paste is applied topically to cure wounds and for hair | Hair strengthening, wounds infection | 0.03 | Wounds [30] |
| 30 |
Rhanterium epapposum Oliv. (CERSH-003) |
Shrub | Desert lands | Al-Arfaj | Lea | Pas, Dec | Leaf paste is applied topically; decoction is used orally to treat diabetes and digestive troubles | Respiratory and throat diseases, diabetes, allergy, oedema, digestive troubles, toothache, insect repellent | 0.06 | Diabetes, allergy, oedema, toothache, GIT disorders, antimicrobial [6, 10] |
| 31 | Artemisia abyssinica Schultz-Bip (CERSH-121) | Shrub | Mountains | Beithran, Al-obal | Who | Dec or Inf | Decoction is used orally to treat diabetes, cough, cold, irritation of the throat and menstrual pain | Appetizer, digestive troubles, parasitic worms, spasm, rheumatism, menstrual pain, diabetes, malaria, cough, cold, irritation of the throat | 0.07 | Appetizer, headache, diabetes, mellitus, cold, spasm, pharyngitis, insect repellent, anthelmintic, rheumatism, antibacterial, indigestion [5, 7, 10, 23] |
| 32 |
Artemisia sieberi Besser (CERSH-092) |
Shrub | Mountains | Shih | Who | Dec, Bur | The whole plant is used as a smoke inhalant to treat various diseases; decoction from leaves are used orally as an anthelmintic | GIT diseases, intestinal worms | 0.04 | Breast and liver cancer [19] |
| 33 | Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (CERSH-071) | Annual herb | Tihama palin | Oukhouan | Who | Pas | Leaf paste is applied topically; fresh roots are chewed | Laxative, anti-inflammatory | 0.03 | Purgative, syphilis. Anti-inflammation [5] |
| 34 |
Achillea biebersteinii Afan. (CERSH-079) |
Perennial herb | Mountains | Kaysoum/Aldefera/ thafra'a |
Who | Pas, Inf | Leaf paste is applied topically; an infusion form its leaves is used orally; chewing of fresh leaves relieves toothache | Carminative, itching, insect repellent, urinary diseases, toothache, kidney inflammation, menstruation troubles, leishmaniosis | 0.05 | Leishmaniosis, insect repellent, toothache [7, 23] |
| 35 |
Conyza incana (Vahl) Willd. (CERSH-026) |
Perennial herb | Fyfa Mountains | Baithran, arfaj | Lea | Bur | The smoke of burned leaves is used to repel insects and is inhaled nasally for relieving muscular pains | Central nervous system depression, cardiac stimulation, muscular pains, insects repellent, malaria, leishmaniosis | 0.03 | Antifungal activity [23] |
| 36 |
Xanthium strumarium L. (CERSH-081) |
Annual herb | Along watercourses | Who | Dec, Cook | Soaking crushed whole plant in boiled water and the water is taken orally | Malaria, GIT disorders, stomach ache | 0.02 | Leukoderma, bites of insects, epilepsy, allergy, salivation, malaria, leprosy, rheumatism, tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diarrhoea, constipation, lumbago, pruritus, bacterial and fungal infections [31] | |
| 37 | Osteospermum vaillantii Decne (CERSH-110) | Shrub | Moutains | Annakad, Hechmat El-thore | Who | Inf | Soaking crushed whole plant in water and the water is taken orally | GIT diseases, liver disorders | 0.02 | Fever, stomach ailments and liver disorders |
| 38 |
Picris cyanocarpa Boiss. (CERSH-094) |
Annual herb | Tihama plains | Hozan | Who | Dec | Soaking crushed whole plant in water and the water is taken orally | Lower blood pressure, cardiac stimulation, central nervous system stimulation, | 0.02 | Antioxidant properties [23] |
| 39 |
Sonchus oleraceus L (CERSH-004) |
Annual herb | Fyfa Mountains | Uddaid | Lea, flow | Pas, Dec | Leaf paste is applied topically; decoction applied orally to induce menstruation | Induce menstruation, skin infection, sores, pruritic, scorpion stings | 0.03 | Skin diseases, sores [4, 13] |
| ASPARAGACEAE | ||||||||||
| 40 |
Asparagus africanus Lam. (CERSH-111) |
Shrub | Fyfa Mountains | Smin, khurus theeb | Aer | Pas | Leaf paste is applied topically, chewing of leaves relieves breathing problems | Paralysis, skin diseases, pruritic, swelling, malaria, breathing problems | 0.03 | Malaria, leishmaniosis, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities [32] |
| BORAGINACEAE | ||||||||||
| 41 |
Heliotropium digynum Forssk. (CERSH-070) |
Shrub | Sandy soil in Tiham plains | Hettan, Raghel, Atana, Dafra | Who | Pas, Inf | Leaf paste is applied topically; soaking crushed leaves in water and the water is taken orally | Skin diseases, liver pain, diuretic | 0.03 | Skin diseases [4] |
| 42 | Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk. (CERSH-027) | Perennial herb | Tihama palin | Ramram | Who, lea | Dec, Pas | Leaf paste is applied topically for snake bites; decoction applied orally is used for urinary problems | Urinary diseases, snake bites, skin infections | 0.04 | Scorpion stings, skin diseases, tonsillitis [21] |
| BURSERACEAE | ||||||||||
| 43 |
Commiphora gileadensis (L.) Christ.(rare) (CERSH-049) |
Shrub | Tihama plains and Farasan Island | Al-bisham | Bran, gum, Res | Dec, Pas, Pou | Poultice is applied for skin problems and bone fracture (topically); soaking crushed resin in water and the water is taken orally | Toothache, respiratory diseases, anti-snake venom, bone fracture, leishmaniosis, nervous system disorders | 0.05 | Anti-snake poison, peptic ulcer, leishmaniosis, gynaecological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological troubles [7, 14] |
| 44 | Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. (rare) (CERSH-005) | Shrub | Tihama plains | Myrrha Orouq Al Aqa |
Res, gum, Bar | Inf, Pas | Oil leaf paste is applied topically; soaking crushed resin or bark in water and the water is taken orally | Carminative, bone fractures, wounds, burns, pruritic, stomach pain, urinary tract infection, scorpion stings | 0.05 | Laxative, wounds, stomach pain, diarrhoea, urinary tract infection, scorpion stings, respiratory diseases, gynaecological infections, haemorrhage [10, 12, 14, 21] |
| BRASSICACEAE | ||||||||||
| 45 |
Matthiola Arabica Boiss. (CERSH-080) |
Annual herb | Tihama plains along watercourses | Soqar | See | Inf | Soaking crushed seeds in water and the water is taken orally; the seeds are eaten raw | Anaemia | 0.02 | Anaemia [10] |
| CACTACEAE | ||||||||||
| 46 | Opuntia ficus-indica Mill (CERSH-006) | Shrub | Cultivated in gardens | Barshoum | Ste, Fru | Dec | Soaking crushed stems in boiled water and the water is taken orally | Diabetes | 0.03 | Diabetes [21]. |
| CAPPARIDACEAE | ||||||||||
| 47 |
Capparis spinosa L. (CERSH-028) |
Shrub | Tihama plains | Shafallah | Lea, Roo | Dec, Pas | Leaf paste is applied topically; soaking crushed leaves and roots in boiled water and the water is taken orally | Urinary diseases, kidney stones, GIT problems, parasitic worms, diuretic, skin diseases, anti-inflammatory, rheumatism, diabetes, splenomegaly, induce menstruation | 0.06 | Dermatitis, diarrhoea, diabetes [5, 7] |
| 48 | Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew (rare)(CERSH-051) | Shrub | Tihama plains and Farasan Islands | Tandhab | Who | Pas, Inf | Leaf paste is applied topically; soaking crushed fresh leaves in water and the water is taken orally | Carminative, laxative, fever, intestinal worms, leprosy, sores, ear pain, diabetes, rheumatism, aphrodisiac, induce menstruation | 0.05 | Coughs, appetizer, asthma, fever, boils, anti-inflammatory; cardiac troubles, analgesic, biliousness, alveolaris, pyorrhoea, purgative, diabetes, anthelmintic, hypercholesterolemia, antimicrobial [33] |
| 49 |
Cadaba rotundifolia Forssk. (CERSH-069) |
Shrub | Tihama plains | Kathab | Lea | Inf | Soaking crushed fresh leaves in water and the water is taken orally | Rheumatism, urinary diseases | 0.02 | Antibiotic [12] |
| 50 |
Cadaba farinosa Forssk (CERSH-050) |
Shrub | Abu-Arish Tihama plains | Asaf, Qusaia, Azan-al-arnab | Lea | Pas, Dec | Leaf paste is applied topically on the head; decoction from leaves is taken orally | Parasitic worms, liver pains, dysentery, induce menstruation, cough, lungs problems, nervous system disorders | 0.04 | Hepatoprotective, sores, wounds, hydrocephalus, haemorrhage antioxidant activities [12] |
| CARYOPHYLLACEAE | ||||||||||
| 51 | Minuartia filifolia (Forssk.). Mattf. (CERSH-095) | Perennial herb | Mountains | Oud Al-Halaba | Bar | Pas, Dec | Leaf paste is applied topically, decoction from bark is taken orally | Promote women fertility, snakes bites | 0.02 | |
| CLEOMACEAE | ||||||||||
| 52 |
Cleome viscosa L. (CERSH-007) |
Annual herb | Fyfa Mountains | Om -Hanif | Who | Pas, Dec | Leaf paste is applied topically; decoction from crushed fresh leaves is taken orally | Intestinal worms, stomach ache, anti-inflammatory, skin diseases, wounds, leprosy, malaria, ear pain, snake bites | 0.05 | Anthelmintic, wounds, analgesic, carminative, anticonvulsant, antitumor, antidiarrheal, antiemetic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective [12] |
| 53 | Cleome amblyocarpa Barratte & Murb.(CERSH-104) | Annual herb | Tihama plains | Khunayzah/ ouffina | Who | Dec | Decoction from crushed plant is taken orally | Insecticide, scabies, rheumatism, kidney problems, sexual stimulator | 0.03 | Rheumatism, rheum, scabies, rheumatic fever, anti-inflammatory [6] |
| 54 |
Cleome gynandra L. (CERSH-117) |
Annual herb | Along watercourses and mountains | Oyfiqan | Roo, lea, See | Dec | Boiling crushed fresh leaves and roots in water and the water is taken orally | Appetiser, carminative, ear pain, splenomegaly, muscles problems, scorpion stings | 0.04 | Muscle weakness, diabetes, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, cardiovascular diseases [10, 34] |
| 55 | Cleome brachycarpa Vahl ex DC (CERSH-068) | Perennial herb | Tihama plains and Farasan Islands | Birbran | lea | Pas, Inf | Leaf paste is applied topically; soaking crushed fresh leaves in water and the water is taken orally | Appetizer, carminative, stomach irritant, skin diseases, scabies, leprosy | 0.03 | Diuretic and astringent, narcotic and stomach irritant, foot problems [6, 12] |
| COMBRETACEAE | ||||||||||
| 56 | Combretum molle R.Br. ex G. Don. (CERSH-029) | Shrub or small tree | Fyfa Mountains | Althu'ab | Gum | - | The gum is eaten raw | Cause women infertility, digestive disorders, stomach ache, malaria | 0.03 | anti-inflammatory, infections, diabetes, malaria, bleeding, diarrhoea, digestive disorders, diuretic, anti-Trypanosoma, anthelmintic [7, 35] |
| CUCURBITACEAE | ||||||||||
| 57 | Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (CERSH-008) | Perennial herb | Along watercourses | Hundhal | Fru, See, lea | Dec | Half the fresh fruit is applied topically; decoction of leaves and seeds is used orally. | Laxative, scorpion stings and snakes bites, insect bites, leishmaniosis, vitiligo, skin infections, rabies, GIT diseases, rheumatism | 0.08 | Laxative, analgesic, skin infection, hair dye, scorpion, dog, insect and snake bites, vitiligo, GIT diseases, larynx cancer, leukaemia [4, 6, 13, 14, 19, 21] |
| CUPRESSACEAE | ||||||||||
| 58 | Juniperus procera Hochst. Ex. Endel. (CERSH-052) | Tree | Al Hashar mountains | Alar'ar | Lea, fru | Inf, Bur | Soaking crushed fruits in water is taken orally; leaves are applied on burning charcoal and smoke is inhaled nasally | Skin infections, warts, toothache, spasm, cold, flu | 0.03 | Spasm, gout, cold, pharyngitis, urological disorder [7, 14] |
| EUPHORBIACEAE | ||||||||||
| 59 |
Ricinus communis L. (CERSH-009) |
Shrub | Widely distributed in Tihama plains | Kharwah | Who, oils | Lini, Pow, Ext, Jui, Pou | Leaf and root powders are applied topically on wounds; root extract is given to treat asthma, bronchitis and rheumatism; poultice of leaves applied locally; seed oil is applied topically | Boils, sores, warts, wounds, intestinal worms, dysentery, inhibit menstruation, enhance the lactation process, rheumatism, joint pain, bad breath, toothache, asthma, bronchitis, scorpion stings | 0.07 | GIT diseases, dysentery, asthma, warts, wound, skin diseases, boils, sores, SM, bronchitis, Joint pain, cracks of feet, rheumatism [4, 5, 14] |
| 60 | Euphorbia schimperiana Scheele (CERSH-123) | Small tree | Fyfa Mountains | Lubbana | Who, lat | Ext, Dec, lini | An extract of leaves and roots is used topically; soaking crushed fresh leaves in water and the water is taken orally | Laxative, respiratory and throat diseases, coughs, asthma, wounds, skin infections, anti-snake venom, ear pains | 0.04 | Cavernous stinking wounds [7] |
| 61 |
Euphorbia retusa (Forssk.) (CERSH-053) |
Perennial herb | Ghazalah/ Om-laben |
Lat | Lini | Latex is used topically | Nervous system depression, asthma, eczema, wounds, warts, leishmaniosis | 0.03 | Anorectal diseases, colon diseases, fissures, cracks, fistulas, abscesses, haemorrhoids, inflammatory bowel disease [36, 37] | |
| 62 |
Jatropha glauca Vahl. (CERSH-030) |
Shrub | Fyfa Mountain | Kharat, Orouq Aobab | Lea, See, Ste | Pow, Dec, Pas | Soaking crushed fresh leaves in water and the water is taken orally; the paste is used topically; powder of white stems is used topically | Chronic skin diseases, enhance the lactation process, asthma, allergy, malaria | 0.03 | Asthma, leukoderma, allergy, haemorrhoids [10, 12]. |
| 63 |
Acalypha fruticosa (Forssk). var. fruticose (CERSH-082) |
Shrub or tree | Along watercourses and Abadil mountains |
Thefran, anama | Lea, Roo | Pas, Dec, Inf | Leaf paste is applied topically; soaking the crushed plant in water and the water is taken orally or used as nose drops; a root decoction/infusion is taken orally for fever and constipation; stems or roots are chewed for toothache | Fevers, toothache, eye infections, bee stings, malaria, typhoid, liver problems, constipation, wounds, skin infections, sores, colds, cough, haemorrhage | 0.06 | Malaise, fevers, colds, cough, tooth decays, eye infections, haemorrhage, wound, skin infections, diphtheria, malaria, typhoid, liver problems, stomach ache, convulsions, constipation [5, 12, 15] |
| 64 |
Acalypha indica L. (CERSH-096) |
Annual herb | Along watercourses and Abadil Mountains | Who | Pas | Leaf paste is applied topically | Bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, scorpion stings | 0.03 | Ganglions [12] | |
| 65 |
Chrozophora oblongifolia (Delile) A. Juss. ex Spreng. (CERSH-112) |
Sub-shrub | Along watercourses | Tannoum | Lea, Ste | Ext | Stem or leaf extract is used topically | GIT problems, cathartic and emetic | 0.02 | Antimicrobial, antioxidant [38] |
| FABACEAE | ||||||||||
| 66 |
Tamarindus indica L. (CERSH-010) |
Tree | Fyfa Mountains | Tamur Hindi | Fru, See | Dec | Boiling crushed fresh fruits in water and the water is taken orally | Laxative, headache, ear pain, smallpox, scabies, sores, wounds; blood diseases, antihypertensive, liver pain, intestinal worms, bone fractures, snake bites | 0.07 | GIT diseases, skin diseases [14, 15] |
| 67 |
Alhagi graecorum Boiss (CERSH-103) |
Shrub | Tihama plains | Aqool | Who | Dec | A decoction made from seeds is used orally | Anthelmintic, constipation, leprosy, anti-inflammatory, kidney stones, blood diseases, blood purifier; sexual enhancement, rheumatism | 0.04 | Cataracts, jaundice, migraine, painful joints, aphrodisiac, bilharzias, rheumatism [6] |
| 68 | Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf. (CERSH-054) | Shrub or tree | Fyfa, mountains | Al-orfet | Lea | Inf, Pas | Soaking crushed leaves in water and the water is taken orally; leaf paste is applied topically | Severe fever, allergy, skin diseases, scorpion stings, hepatitis | 0.04 | Food poisoning, wound infections [12] |
| 69 |
Acacia tortillis (Forssk) (CERSH-031) |
Shrub or tree | Along watercourses and Fyfa Mountains | Alsomer | Bran, Roo, honey | Dec, Pas, Bur | The shoots and roots are burned and smoke is inhaled nasally; scorched leaves/roots are applied topically; toothbrush | Ulcers and deep wounds, anti-inflammatory, teeth cleaning | 0.03 | Teeth cleaning, ulcers and gangrene, wounds dry coughs, coughs, diphtheria [7, 12] |
| 70 |
Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne (CERSH-083) |
Shrub or tree | Along watercourses | Assalam | Lea, Bar | Pas, Inf | Leaf paste is applied topically and grinded leaves in water is used to wash the eyes | GIT diseases, eye infections | 0.03 | Injuries, wound infections, eye infections [12] |
| 71 |
Acacia seyal Del. (CERSH-032) |
Shrub or Tree | Fyfa Mountains | Talh, Sanat Sayel | Bar, Gum, Roo | Inf | Soaking crushed bark or root in water and the water is taken orally | Burns, stop bleeding, Leprosy, stomach ache, after abortion | 0.03 | Stop bleeding, stomach ache, dysentery, after abortion [4, 12] |
| 72 |
Astragalus spinosus Vahl. (CERSH-077) |
Shrub | Mountains | Katad | Who | Dec | Boiling crushed plant in water and the water is taken orally | Leukaemia, skin diseases, wounds, scorpion stings | 0.02 | Scorpion stings [21] |
| 73 |
Senna alexandrina Mill. (CERSH-055) |
Shrub | Along watercourses | Sana, Eshriq | Lea, See | Dec, Pas | Leaf paste is applied topically; soaking crushed leaves in water and the water is taken orally | Laxative, skin diseases, GIT diseases, constipation, abdominal pain, stomach cramps | 0.07 | Injuries, skin diseases, constipation, stomach cramps, abdominal pain, gynaecological [6, 10, 12, 14] |
| 74 |
Tephrosia apollinea (Delile) Link (CERSH-011) |
Shrub | Mountains | Who | Dec | Soaking crushed plant in water and the water is taken orally | Lower blood pressure, cardiac stimulation, cough, bronchitis, bone fractures, ear ache | 0.03 | Anti-bacterial; ear ache, bronchitis, cough, wounds bleeding, bone fractures, dysentery, diarrhoea [6, 12, 23] | |
| LAMIACEAE | ||||||||||
| 75 |
Plectranthus asirensis J.R.I Wood (rare, endemic) (CERSH-084) |
Shrub | Fyfa, Mountains | Shar Elkrood, sana'abur | Who | Dec, Pas | Boiling crushed fresh plant in water and the water is taken orally; paste of fresh leaves are placed topically on wounds to avoid infection | Sore throat, rash, itching, wounds, malaria | 0.03 | Intestinal disturbance, respiratory disorders, heart diseases, liver fatigue, malaria, central nervous system disorders, antiseptic, wounds [39–41] |
| 76 |
Origanum majorana L. (CERSH-056) |
Sub-shrub | Cultivated in gardens | Bardakush | Who | Dec | Boiling crushed fresh plant in water and the water is taken orally | Headaches, analgesic, asthma, cough, rheumatism | 0.04 | Analgesic during labour- inflammation of the uterus [10] |
| 77 |
Lavandula dentata L. (CERSH-067) |
Shrub | common on Mountains | Dhurum | Flow | Inf, tea | Infusion of fresh plant in water and the water is taken orally; leaf extract in tea is taken orally | Urine retention, kidney stones, ureter stones, bowel disease | 0.02 | Wounds, diuretic, carminative, antiseptic, rheumatism, bronchopulmonary infections [42] |
| 78 | Nepeta deflersiana Schweinf. ex Hedge (CERSH-118) | Perennial herb | Mountains | Shaya'a | Who | Tea | Leaf extract in tea is taken orally | Sedative or tranquilliser, stomach problems | 0.03 | Anti-inflammatory, carminative, ant-rheumatic [43] |
| 79 |
Ocimum basilicum L. (CERSH-033) |
Annual herb | Cultivated in gardens | Rayhan | Lea, Roo, See | Dec, Pas, Jui, Tea | Decoction taken orally for internal use and as spices; paste of leaves are placed topically on bruises to avoid infection; leaf paste is applied topically on snake bites; leaf and root juice are given orally to cure dysentery; leaves mixed with tea used to allay upset stomach, cold, and fever. | Fever, cough, bruises, ulcers, skin diseases, GIT diseases, diarrhoea, ringworms, ear ache, spasm, urinary diseases, kidney disorders, internal piles, anti-snake venom | 0.06 | Spasm, stomach ulcer, dysentery, respiratory, parasites, ear ache [5, 10, 12, 14] |
| 80 |
Marrubium vulgare L. (CERSH-012) |
Perennial herb | Mountains | Zagome | Lea | Pow, Dec | Leaf powder is used topically to treat wounds; decoction is used orally for treating menstrual pain and urinary diseases | Body energizer, intestinal worms, hepatitis, dyspepsia, menstrual pain, absence of a menstrual period, urinary diseases, tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis | 0.04 | Wounds, coughs [15] |
| 81 | Teucrium yemense Deflers (endemic) (CERSH-097) | Perennial herb | Al-Abadil and Fyfa Mountains | Rechal Fatima | Who | Inf | Soaking crushed plant in water and the water is taken orally | Diabetes, kidney problems, anthelmintic, rheumatism | 0.03 | Insect repellent, spasm, kidney disease, rheumatism, diabetes [27] |
| LYTHRACEAE | ||||||||||
| 82 |
Lawsonia inermis L. (CERSH-085) |
Shrub | Cultivated or wild | Henna | Lea | Inf, Pow | Leaf infusion is used orally; leaf powder is used as a dye for women | Urinary tract infection, skin protection, diabetes, scorpion stings, nerve pain and nervous system disorders | 0.04 | Antifungal, urinary tract infection, skin protection, neurological and SM disorders [9, 10, 14] |
| MALVACEAE | ||||||||||
| 83 | Abutilon Pannosum (Forest.) Schlecht (CERSH-057) | Shrub | Farasan Islands and Along watercourses | Rayn | See, Bar | Ext, Inf | The extracts and infusion of seeds and bark in water are applied orally to treat most of the diseases | Sedative, fever, psoriasis, cleaning wound, skin ulcer, diabetes, anaemia, GIT diseases, diuretic, diarrhoea, urinary diseases, pulmonary problems, cough, bronchitis, vaginal infection, gonorrhoea bladder disorders | 0.06 | Diuretic, dysentery, fever, sedative, diarrhoea, cough, gonorrhoea, bronchitis, pile grumbles, pulmonary problems, cleaning wound and ulcer, vaginal infection, anaemia, diabetes, bladder problems, haemorrhoids [5, 6, 23] |
| 84 |
Malva parviflora L. (CERSH-034) |
Annual herb | Tihama plains | Khobaiza | Who | Inf. | Soaking crushed plant in water and the water is taken orally; fresh leaves is chewed to treat respiratory and throat diseases | Laxative, respiratory and throat diseases, cough, bronchitis, diabetes, intestinal ulcers, hair growth, constipation, scorpion stings | 0.06 | Laxative, hair growth, cough, constipation, skin burns, urinary tract infection [13, 14, 18] |
| MELIACEAE | ||||||||||
| 85 |
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (CERSH-066) |
Small tree | Along watercourses | Neem | Who | Dec, Pas | Soaking crushed plant in water and the water is taken orally, plant past is used topically for scorpion stings | GIT diseases, gastric ulcers, scorpion stings, diabetes | 0.04 | GIT diseases, antifungal, antipyretic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, diabetes, anti-arthritic, gastric ulcer [9, 14] |
| MORACEAE | ||||||||||
| 86 |
Dorstenia foetida Schweinf. (endangered) (CERSH-098) |
Sub-shrub | Fyfa Mountains | Arkouth, Om-lakef | Lat | Inf, Lat | Infusion and latex is used topically (lotion) | GIT diseases, Leishmaniosis | 0.02 | Leishmaniosis [7] |
| 87 |
Ficus palmata Forssk (CERSH-120) |
Small tree | Fyfa Mountains | Al-Hamat | Who, lat | Lat | Fruits are eaten; latex is used topically | kidney and bladder problems, gastro-intestinal diseases, warts | 0.03 | Warts, GIT diseases [7, 14] |
| 88 |
Ficus carica L. (CERSH-087) |
Small tree | Tihama plains | Teen | Lea, fru | Dec, Pas, Lat | Fruits are eaten raw; decoction of fruit in water is taken orally; leaf paste is applied on face to lighten freckles | Laxative, kidney infections, kidney stones, GIT diseases, scorpion stings | 0.03 | Laxative, cough; lighten freckles [5] |
| MORINGACEAE | ||||||||||
| 89 | Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori (rare) (CERSH-013) | Tree | Tihama plains | Al-Ban | Lea, See oil, gums | Dec, Pas, oil | Decoction and oil from the seeds is taken orally; grind the leaves in water and wash the eye | Laxative, headache, incurable wounds, burns, abdominal and colon pains, constipation, diabetes, eyes pain, anaemia, sciatic pain, SM disorders | 0.07 | Headaches, fever, burns, wounds, colon, eyes pain, anaemia, joints pains, backache, diabetes, sciatic pain, conjunctivitis [4, 7, 10] |
| MYRTACEAE | ||||||||||
| 90 |
Myrtus communis L. (CERSH-035) |
Shrub | Tihama plains | Al-A's/Hadass | Lea, Bar | Inf, Pas | Soaking crushed leaves in water and the water is taken orally (or gargle) to cure respiratory and intestinal problems; bark is chewed; leaf paste is applied topically for skin problems | Deep wound diseases, GIT diseases, liver disorder, asthma, cough, mouth ulcers, scorpion stings, cardiovascular problems, leishmaniosis | 0.07 | Asthma, cough, respiratory problems, gangrene, pharyngitis, leishmaniosis, blood and immune system [7, 14] |
| 91 | Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (CERSH-058) | Tree | Tihama plains | Khafour | Lea | Bur | The leaf is roasted on the heated tool and the smoke is inhaled | Abortion | 0.02 | Antimicrobial, spasmolytic [13] |
| NITRARIACEAE | ||||||||||
| 92 |
Peganum harmala L. (rare) (CERSH-065) |
Perennial herb | Tihama plains | Harmal | Who | Bur | The whole plant is used as a smoke inhalant to treat various diseases | Toothache, intestinal worms, rheumatism, skin diseases | 0.03 | Sheep fertility [18] |
| OLEACEAE | ||||||||||
| 93 |
Jasminum sambac Linn (CERSH-086) |
Small shrub | Cultivated in gardens | Al-Fill | Fru, flow | Dec, Bur | Decoction of fruit and flowers in water is taken orally; inhalation of the flowers | Intestinal worms, skin diseases, skin rashes, leprosy, ulcers, heighten sexual desire | 0.03 | Liver diseases, cirrhosis, diarrhoea, heighten sexual desire, skin rashes, sun burn, analgesic, antimicrobial, wound healing [25] |
| 94 | Olea europaea L. ssp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) Ciferri.(CERSH-059) | Tree | Mountains | Al-etem | Oil, lea, Bar | Inf, Pas lini | Soaking crushed leaves in water and the water is taken orally; fresh leaves is chewed, soaking leaves in water and water is used as mouthwash, paste and oil is used topically | Liver diseases, oesophageal irritation, ulcers, oedemas, oral thrush, dental caries, warts, skin smoothing, leprosy, smallpox, scabies, diabetes, leishmaniosis, rheumatism | 0.05 | Rheumatism, leishmaniosis, skin diseases of camels, diabetes, mellitus and hypertension, gonorrhoea [7, 12] |
| PAPAVERACEAE | ||||||||||
| 95 |
Fumaria parviflora Lam (CERSH-037) |
Annual herb | Tihama plains and Mountains | Shahtaraj | Aer | Inf, lini | Soaking crushed aerial parts in water and the water is taken orally | Intestinal worms, diuretic, urinary diseases, blood purifier, spleen disorder, leprosy, scabies, eczema, acne, lungs diseases | 0.05 | Diuretic, laxative, blood purifier, scabies, eczema, acne, skin disorders [5] |
| PLANTAGINACEAE | ||||||||||
| 96 |
Plantago major L. (CERSH-014) |
Perennial herb | Tihama plains | Lissan Jamal | Roo, lea | Dec, Pow | Decoction of fresh plant in water is taken orally, leaf powder is used topically for skin diseases | Urinary diseases, blisters, boil, wounds, malaria, scorpion stings | 0.03 | Blisters, boil and wounds [4] |
| PLUMBAGINACEAE | ||||||||||
| 97 | Limonium axillare (Forssk.) O. Kuntze (CERSH-099) | Shrub | Tihama plains and Farasan Islands | Qattaf | Who | Dec | Decoction of fresh plant in water is taken orally | Central nervous system depression | 0.02 | Diarrhoea, astringent [6, 23] |
| POACEAE | ||||||||||
| 98 |
Saccharum spontaneum L. (CERSH-038) |
Perennial grass | Along watercourses | Half | Who | Jui | Juice of whole plant is used orally | Urinary diseases, skin diseases, tuberculosis | 0.03 | Anaemia, vomiting, abdominal disorders, obesity, astringent, emollient, diuretic, tonic, dyspepsia, burning sensation, piles, respiratory troubles, antidiarrheal, anti-urolithiatic activity [44] |
| 99 | Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. ex Asch. & Schweinf. (CERSH-015) | Annual grass | Tihama plains and Mountains | na'eem el-saleeb, rigl Al-harbaya | Roo, lea | Pas, Ext, Dec | The leaf paste in water is applied topically; Ext of the plant is taken orally; decoctions of seeds is given orally for postnatal problems | GIT diseases, gastric ulcer, kidney diseases, biliary and urinary ailments, skin inflammation, small pox, lesion, sores, postnatal problems | 0.03 | Astringent, bitter tonic, anti-anthelmintic, wounds, smallpox, GIT, biliary and urinary ailments, polyurea fevers, spasm of maternity, renal infections, immune-deficiency, gastric ulcers [45, 46] |
| POLYGONACEAE | ||||||||||
| 100 |
Rumex nervosus Vahl. (CERSH-100) |
Shrub | Fyfa Mountains | Al-athrub | Lea, Roo, See | Pow | Seeds roasted and used topically for the treatment of dysentery and snake bites; leaves and seeds are eaten raw; chewing of the leaves | Appetizer, astringent, diarrhoea, diuretic, stoop bleeding, burns, dental pain, diabetes, dysentery, scorpion and snake bites | 0.06 | Diabetes, asthma, diarrhoea, diuretic, dental pain, wounds, dysentery, scorpion stings and snake bites, appetizing, astringent [5, 7, 47] |
| 101 |
Rumex vesicarius L. (CERSH-088) |
Annual or perennial, rhizomatous herb | Al-Hashar Mountains | Al-Hommad | See, lea | - | The leaves and seeds are crushed and eaten raw | Wounds, spasm, muscle cramp, diuretic, dysentery, toothache, scorpion stings and snake bites | 0.07 | Toothache, antiemetic, leukaemia, breast, lung, central nervous system cancers, scorpion stings [6, 7, 13, 19] |
| 102 |
Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. (CERSH-060) |
Annual herb | Fyfa Mountains | Hambaaz | Lea, Roo | - | The leaves and roots are edible (chewing) | Dyspepsia, GIT disorders | 0.03 | Appetizer, dyspepsia, diuretic [13] |
| RANUNCULACEAE | ||||||||||
| 103 | Clematis wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn. (CERSH-016) | Climber | Fyfa Mountains | Threeja, Alharya | Who | Pas | The leaf paste in water is applied topically | Skin diseases, leprosy, cardiac depression, varicose veins, bone fracture, rheumatism | 0.03 | Rheumatism, headaches, varicose veins, syphilis, gout, bone problems [23] |
| RHAMNACEAE | ||||||||||
| 104 | Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd (CERSH-113) | Tree | Fyfa mountains and along watercourses | Seder, Arq | Lea, Fru, See | Dec, Inf. | Decoction of the plant is used orally for GIT problems; crushed seed kernels are eaten raw; chewing fresh leaves to relieve mouth problems | Scabies, measles, sores, wounds, lice, hair tonic, allergy, rabies, antidandruff; toothache, stomach ache, liver problems, headache, insect bites, leishmaniosis, spasm, rheumatism, urinary troubles, diabetes, anaemia | 0.08 | Duodenum and stomach ache, allergy, chest pain; scabies, itching, sores, wounds, bruises; insect bites, diabetes, spasm, strengthening hairs, antidandruff, mouth problems [4, 5, 7, 13, 21, 48] |
| RHIZOPHORACEAE | ||||||||||
| 105 |
Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (CERSH-039) |
Small tree | Tihama plains | Kindale | Bar, Roo, lea, fru, flow | Dec, Pas | Soaking crushed plant in water and the water is taken orally | Diabetes, GIT diseases | 0.02 | Diabetes, diarrhoea, anti-inflammatory hepatitis [11] |
| RUTACEAE | ||||||||||
| 106 |
Ruta chalepensis L. (CERSH-061) |
Perennial herb | Cultivated in gardens or wild in Fyfa Mountains | El - shathab | Lea, Ste | Dec | Soaking crushed leaves in water and the water is taken orally | Headache, fever, ear pain, vitiligo, measles, snake bites, menstrual pain, skin diseases, rheumatism, GIT diseases | 0.08 | Snake bites, ear, neurological, diphtheria, respiratory diseases [7, 12, 14] |
| RUBIACEAE | ||||||||||
| 107 |
Coffea arabica L (CERSH-040) |
Small tree | Cultivated on Mountains | Bone | See | Pow | Heat crushed seeds and apply topically | Fever, tonic, headache, malaria, kidney disorders, kidney inflammation | 0.03 | Haemorrhage, asthma, flu, atropine-poisoning, sores, stimulants fever, headache, jaundice, malaria, vertigo migraine, narcosis, nephritis [5] |
| SALVADORACEAE | ||||||||||
| 108 |
Salvadora persica L. (CERSH-017) |
Shrub or Small tree | Tihama plains and foothills | Al-Arak | Fru, Roo | Cook | Roots are used as toothbrush; fruits are eaten raw; cooked leaves for kidney problems | Teeth cleaning, kidney diseases and stones, spleen disorder, rheumatism, snake bites | 0.05 | Snake bites, epilepsy, rheumatism, skin diseases, toothbrush, gonorrhoea, spleen troubles, stomach ulcer [7] |
| SAPINDACEAE | ||||||||||
| 109 |
Dodonaea viscosa Jacq (CERSH-101) |
Small tree | Fyfa Mountains | Shath | Lea | Pas, Pow | Leaf powder is used for treating toothache; leaf paste is applied topically for skin problem | Rheumatism, toothache, wounds, burns, malaria, leishmaniosis | 0.03 | Toothache, burns, wounds leishmaniosis [4, 6, 7] |
| SOLANACEAE | ||||||||||
| 110 | Solanum incanum L (CERSH-063) |
Shrub | Fyfa Mountains And foothills |
Nagum, Al-hadak | Fru, Roo, lea | Pas, Dec, Pou | Leaf paste is applied topically as poultice on skin diseases; decoction from berries, leaves and roots is taken orally; berries boiled in oil and the oil is used for earache | Sever fever, malaria, leishmaniosis, earache, wounds, bruise, rashes, warts, dyspepsia, ulcers, carbuncles, stomach-ache, painful menstruation | 0.07 | Malaria, leishmaniosis, bruised fingers, wounds, onchocerciasis, earache, dyspepsia, pleurisy, rheumatism, pneumonia, haemorrhoids [5, 7, 12] |
| 111 |
Datura stramonium L. (CERSH-018) |
Annual herb | Common along watercourses | Daturah, /ain el bakar | Who | Pas | Leaf paste is placed on bleeding wounds and skin diseases; leaves are dried, crushed, heated and applied topically to the sting point | Headaches, epilepsy, rabies, asthma, earache, sores, vitiligo, pruritic, GIT diseases, wounds, scabies, hair-fall, cough, skin inflammation, rheumatism, bronchitis, scorpion stings | 0.08 | Dermatitis, sores and vitiligo, wounds, stomach ache, scorpion stings [4, 15, 21, 49] |
| 112 |
Hyoscyamus muticus L. (CERSH-089) |
Shrub | Tihama plains | As -sakran | Lea, See | Pas, Pou, Ext, Bur | A crushed leaves is applied topically as a poultice to relieve pain; whole plant is used as a smoke inhalant to treat various diseases, grind the leaves in water and wash the eye | Asthma, toothache, eyes problems, rheumatism, spasm | 0.03 | Eyes problems, muscles, asthma intoxicating effect [47] |
| 113 |
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (CERSH-062) |
Shrub | Fyfa Mountains | Sem Alfa'ar/Alobeb | Lea, Fru, Roo | Pas, Inf, Ext, Pou | Paste from berries and leaves are applied as a poultice to ulcers, skin diseases and eyes pain; soaking crushed root in water and the water is taken orally (gargle) | Tranquilizer, intestinal worms and ulcers, dyspepsia, skin chronic inflammation, eye pain, asthma, bronchitis, urinary diseases, scorpion stings, aphrodisiac, toning up the uterus of women | 0.09 | Ulcers, chronic dermatitis, psoriasis, breast, colon and liver cancers, asthma, leukaemia, aphrodisiac, sexual disorders, eye pains bronchitis,, gynaecological disorders [5–7, 12, 13, 19] |
| TAMARICACEAE | ||||||||||
| 114 |
Tamarix nilotica Ehrenb (CERSH-041) |
Shrub or small tree | Tihama plains | Tarfaa | Lea, seed's oil | Pas, Pou | Topically to cure wounds and skin problems | Wounds, anti-inflammatory, varicose veins | 0.04 | Dermatitis, leg varices [7, 13] |
| 115 |
Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst (CERSH-019) |
Tree | Tihama plains and Farasan Islands | Al -Athl | Bran, lea, Roo, Bar | Dec, Bur, Pas, Pou | Decoction of the roots and branches is used orally, fumigation of the leaves is beneficial in flu; paste form bark is used topically on wounds. | Astringent, cold, flu, tuberculosis, spleen diseases, stomach ache, hepatitis, leprosy, wound infection, eczema, smallpox, aphrodisiac, uterus problems | 0.06 | Astringent, wound, eczema, leprosy, smallpox stomach-ache, hepatitis, tuberculosis, cold, flu, spleen diseases, aphrodisiac, germicidal effect, tetanus [4, 5, 50] |
| TILIACEAE | ||||||||||
| 116 |
Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori (CERSH-122) |
shrub | Tihama plains and Farasan Islands | Khadar | Who | Pas, Pou | The roots are used to make a poultice. | Hair loss, skin infection, central nervous system depression, liver problems, rheumatism, spasm | 0.03 | Stomach aches, skin and intestinal infections, cough, fever, diarrhoea, dysentery, jaundice, rheumatism, antibiotic properties [23] |
| URTICACEAE | ||||||||||
| 117 |
Urtica pilulifera L. (CERSH-042) |
Annual herb | Tihama plains | Hourrigua | Lea, Ste | Inf | An infusion of the plant is taken orally | Scorpion stings, stop bleeding and epistaxis, diabetes, uterine haemorrhage, urinary tract infection, anaemia | 0.05 | Antidandruff, anti-asthmatic, colic diabetes, rheumatism, urinary tract infection [18] |
| VITACEAE | ||||||||||
| 118 |
Cissus quadrangularis (CERSH-102) |
Climber | Tihama plains | Salae | Lea, Roo, Ste | Ext | Leaves are extracted with olive oil and applied topically; fresh leaves are soften on coal and applied directly to skin problems | Ear pain, menstrual pain, bone fracture, wounds, burns, snake bites | 0.05 | Wounds, snake bites, circumcision [10] |
| ZYGOPHYLLACEAE | ||||||||||
| 119 |
Tribulus terrestris L. (CERSH-036) |
Annual herb | Tihama plains and abadel Mountains | Kotbah | Lea | Dec, Pas, Pou. | Soaking crushed plant in water and the water is taken orally; poultice for external use | Kidney pain, kidney stones, skin diseases, vitiligo | 0.08 | Renal colic, kidney stones, kidney diseases, skin pain [4, 10, 12, 13] |
| 120 |
Balanites aegyptiaca (van Tieghem) Blatter (CERSH-020) |
Shrub or tree | Tihama plains | Hijlij/Seder Al-kadhib | Lea, Roo | Pas, Inf. | Leaf paste is applied topically; soaking crushed roots in water and the water is taken orally or insert the drops in the nose | Intestinal worms, liver and spleen problems, scorpion stings, diabetes, epilepsy, schistosomiasis, tuberculosis | 0.07 | Wounds, haemorrhage, tuberculosis [12] |
| 121 |
Fagonia bruguieri DC CERSH-091 |
Shrub | Tihama plains | Shika'a | Lea | Dec | Soaking the leaves in boiled water and the water is applied topically | Blood and heart tonic, skin inflammation, scabies, blisters, vitiligo, allergy | 0.03 | Blood and heart tonic, scabies, vitiligo, blisters dermatitis [4, 13] |
| 122 |
Zygophyllum simplex L. (CERSH-064) |
Annual herb | Tihama plains In saline soils | Al-Dhamran, Kharmeel | Lea, Ste, fru | Jui, Pas, Pou | A juice from fresh leaves and stems is orally, poultice for external use and wash the eye | Eye diseases, hypertension | 0.02 | Ophthalmia [13] |
| 123 |
Zygophyllum coccineum L. (CERSH-021) |
Perennial low shrub or herb | Tihama plains and Farasan Islands | Harm | Lea, Ste, fru | Jui, Pas, Pou | A juice from fresh leaves and stems is used orally, poultice for external use | Wounds, measles, smallpox, rheumatism, chickenpox, scorpion stings, hypertension, kidney stones, intestinal worms, cholera | 0.06 | Anthelmintic, diuretic, rheumatism, gout, cough, asthma, hypertension, flatulent colic, skin diseases [13] |
| 124 |
Zygophyllum album L. (CERSH-043) |
Perennial low shrub | Tihama plains and Farasan Islands | Ritrit, Herm | Lea, Ste, fru | Jui, Pas, Pou | A juice from fresh leaves and stems is taken orally, poultice for external use | Severe fever, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, rheumatism | 0.04 | Diabetes, purgative, laxative, anti-virus and fungi, indigestion, asthma, diuretic, skin diseases, analgesic, rheumatism, antihistaminic [51] |
a Plant part(s) used: Aer, aerial parts; Bra, branches; Flow, flowers; Fru, fruits; Lat, latex; Res, resin; Lea, leaves; Roo, roots; Ste, stems; See, seeds; Bar, bark; and Who, whole plant.
b Preparations: Dec, decoction; Inf, infusion; Pow, powder; Lat, latex is removed; Pas, paste; Pou, poultice; Ext, extract; Jui, juice; Lini, liniment; and Bur, burned.