Table 2.
Herbal medicine and mode of administration by inhabitants of Urgam Valley in Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India.
| S.N. | Scientific name, Family and collection number | Local name | Life forms | Parts used | Mode of preparation | Doses and administration | Diseases treated | UR | Pharmacological activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Aconitum balfourii Stapf. Syn. Aconitum lethale Griff Ranunculaceae HAPPRC ASR 4103 Figure 5(a) |
Meetha/Bhngwa | Herb | Root | Decoction (in cow urine), Paste | 1/2 drop once a day | Snake bite | 11 | Diaphoretic, diuretic, analgesic, febrifuge, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, anti-pyretic, vermifuge, powerful sedative, narcotic and poison [14, 15] |
|
| |||||||||
| 2 |
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.ex Royle Ranunculaceae HAPPRC ASR 4104 Figure 5(b) |
Atees | Herb | Root | Juice, Powder | 1/2 teaspoon with lukewarm water |
Stomach ache, fever | 69 | Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, Antibacterial, Immunomodulatory, Anthelminthic, Antihyperlipidemic, analgesic [14, 16–19] |
|
| |||||||||
| 3 |
Ajuga parviflora Benth. Lamiaceae HAPPRC ASR 4168 |
Neelkanthi | Herb | Whole plant | Powder or decoction | 1/2-1 teaspoon 3 times a day with water | Stomach ache, fever | 29 | Hypertension, malaria, pneumonia, edema, as anthelmintic, antifungal, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, expectorant, antitumor and antimicrobial agents [20, 21] |
|
| |||||||||
| 4 |
Allium cepa L. Amaryllidaceae HAPPRC ASR 4120 |
Pyaj | Herb | Bulb | Juice | 1-3 drops | Ear ache | 48 | Antitumor, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-allergic and molluscicidal activity [22, 23] |
|
| |||||||||
| 5 |
Allium sativum L. Amaryllidaceae HAPPRC ASR 4121 |
Lehsun | Herb | Whole plants | Paste | 1/2 teaspoon | Burnt, Cut | 23 | Antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-parasitic, cardiovascular [24] |
|
| |||||||||
| 6 |
Allium wallichii Kunth. Amaryllidaceae HAPPRC ASR 4125 |
Lainka | Herb | Leaves | Powder | 1/2 -1 teaspoon with water | Gastric | 12 | Anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer [25] |
|
| |||||||||
| 7 |
Angelica glauca Edgew Apiaceae HAPPRC ASR 4146 |
Choru | Herb | Root | Powder | 1/2 teaspoon with water | Gastric | 9 | Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and phytotoxic [26] |
|
| |||||||||
| 8 |
Artemisia nilagirica (C.B Clarke) Pamp. Asteraceae HAPPRC ASR 4136 |
Kunja | Herb | Leaves | Juice | 1 teaspoon | Cut and wounds | 24 | Antimicrobial, antifungal, antibacterial, antifilarial, insecticidal, antiulcer, anticancer, antioxidant and anti-asthmatic [27] |
|
| |||||||||
| 9 |
Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex. D.Don Asparagaceae HAPPRC ASR 4126 |
Jhirna | Herb | Root | Powder | 1/2 -1 teaspoon with cowmilk | Remove weakness | 13 | Hypolipidemic [28] |
|
| |||||||||
| 10 |
Berberis aristata DC. Berberidaceae HAPPRC ASR 4163 |
Kingod | Shrub | Root | Decoction | 1-2 drop | Eye ailments | 87 | Antimicrobial, antidepressant, diabetes mellitus, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory [29] |
|
| |||||||||
| 11 |
Berberis lycium Royle Berberidaceae HAPPRC ASR 4164 |
Chotru | Herb | Bark | Decoction | 1 teaspoon thrice a day | Diabetes, eye ailments | 92 | Antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antihyperlipidemic, Antimicrobial, antimutagenic, pesticidal, wound healing [30] |
|
| |||||||||
| 12 |
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Saxifragaceae HAPPRC ASR 4112 |
Syalphadi | Herb | Root | Decoction | 1 teaspoon once a day with lukewarm water | Stone | 45 | Anti-tussive, antiulcer, anti-neoplastic, antioxidant, antibacterial, hypoglycaemic [31, 32] |
|
| |||||||||
| 13 |
Bergenia stracheyi (Hook.f.& Thomson) Engl Figure 5(c). Saxifragaceae HAPPRC ASR 4113 |
Pashanbhed | Herb | Root | Decoction | 1 teaspoon once a day with lukewarm water | Stone | 61 | Anti-arthritic, antimicrobial, [32] |
|
| |||||||||
| 14 |
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Apiaceae HAPPRC ASR 4174 |
Brahmi | Herb | Leaves | Juice, Powder | 1/2 -1 teaspoon with water | Coolant | 26 | Stimulatory-nervine tonic, rejuvenant, sedative, tranquilizer and intelligence promoting property, antiepileptic, leprosy, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory [33–35] |
|
| |||||||||
| 15 |
Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees & Eberm. Lauraceae HAPPRC ASR 4169 |
Tejpat | Tree | Leaves, bark | Powder | 1/2 -1 teaspoon with water | Control blood pressure | 49 | Antidiabetic, antibacterial, anti-ulcer, antimicrobial [36] |
|
| |||||||||
| 16 |
Cirsium wallichii DC. Asteraceae HAPPRC ASR 4138 |
Kanjelu | Herb | Root | Powder, Juice | 1/2-1 teaspoon thrice a day with water | Fever | 2 | Antimicrobial and Antioxidant [37] |
|
| |||||||||
| 17 |
Cucumis sativus L. Cucurbitaceae HAPPRC ASR 4153 |
Kakdi | Climber | Seeds | Powder | 1/2 teaspoon with water | Diuretic | 40 | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Hypo cholesterolemic [38] |
|
| |||||||||
| 18 |
Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae HAPPRC ASR 4165 |
Haldu | Herb | Rhizome | Paste | 1/2 teaspoon twice a day | Cut and wounds | 86 | Anti-HIV, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor [39] |
|
| |||||||||
| 19 |
Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo Orchidaceae HAPPRC ASR 4162 Figure 5(d) |
Hathajadi | Herb | Root | Paste, Powder | 1/2 teaspoon | Cut and wounds, fever, stomach ache | 39 | Antibacterial, aphrodisiac, antipyretic [14] |
|
| |||||||||
| 20 |
Dioscorea bulbifera L. Dioscoreaceae HAPPRC ASR 4139 |
Tairu | Climber | Tuber | Powder | 1/2 teaspoon with water | Coolant | 3 | Antihyperlipidemic, antitumor, antioxidant, anorexiant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, plasmid curing, anti-diabetic and antihyperglycemic[40] |
|
| |||||||||
| 21 |
Eupatorium adenophorum Sprengel Asteraceae HAPPRC ASR 4157 |
Basya | Herb | Leaves | Juice | 1/2 - 1 teaspoon | Cut and wound | 29 | Analgesic, antifungal [41, 42] |
|
| |||||||||
| 22 |
Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis Urticaceae HAPPRC ASR 4118 |
Kandali | Herb | Root | Powder | 1/2-1 teaspoon twice a day with water | Fever | 1 | Antibacterial, antifungal [43] |
|
| |||||||||
| 23 |
Hippophae salicifolia D.Don Elaeagnaceae HAPPRC ASR 4140 Figure 5(e) |
Amesh | Tree | Fruits | Juice | 5-10 teaspoon in 1 glass water | Coolant | 6 | Antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, radio-protective, adaptogenic, anti-atherosclerosis, and anti-sterility [44] |
|
| |||||||||
| 24 |
Juglans regia L. Juglandaceae HAPPRC ASR 4150 |
Akhrot | Tree | Fruit peel | Paste | 1/2 teaspoon | Skin diseases | 56 | Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory and antimutagenic properties [45–47]. |
|
| |||||||||
| 25 |
Jurinea macrocephala DC. Asteraceae HAPPRC ASR 4116 |
Bishkandara | Herb | Root | Powder | 1/2 teaspoon thrice a day water | Fever | 2 | Antioxidant and Antibacterial [48] |
|
| |||||||||
| 26 |
Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. Fabaceae HAPPRC ASR 4114 |
Gahat | Herb | Seeds | Boiled soup | 1 bowl thrice a day | Stone | 96 | Hepatoprotective, anti-obesity, anticalcifying, antidiabetic, antimicrobial [49–53] |
|
| |||||||||
| 27 |
Megacarpaea polyandra Benth ex Madden Brassicaceae HAPPRC ASR 4111 Figure 5(f) |
Barmolu | Herb | Root | Powder | 1/2 -1 teaspoon twice a day with lukewarm water | Gastric | 4 | Not reported |
|
| |||||||||
| 28 |
Mentha piperita L. Lamiaceae HAPPRC ASR 4148 |
Pudina | Herb | Leaves | Paste | 1/2 -1 teaspoon water | Coolant | 9 | Antimicrobial [54] |
|
| |||||||||
| 29 |
Mirabilis jalapa L. Nyctaginaceae HAPPRC ASR 4117 |
Herb | Leaves | Paste | - | Cut and wounds | 12 | Antimicrobial [55] | |
|
| |||||||||
| 30 |
Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC Caprifoliaceae HAPPRC ASR 4156 |
Maasi | Herb | Rhizome | Powder | 1/2 teaspoon thrice a day with lukewarm water | Jaundice | 1 | Tonic, laxative, diuretic, spasmodic hepatoprotective, cardio protective [56–58] |
|
| |||||||||
| 31 |
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Lamiaceae HAPPRC ASR 4115 |
Tulsi | Herb | Leaves | Powder or raw | 3-5 leaves with water | Fever, cough and cold | 75 | Antimicrobial, radio-protective, ant diabetic, anti-carcinogenic [59, 60] |
|
| |||||||||
| 32 |
Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae HAPPRC ASR 4133 |
Almodu | Herb | Aerial part | Paste | 1/2 teaspoon | Boils | 26 | Anti-inflammatory, refrigerant and antiscorbutic, hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, antipsychotic, stimulant, chronotropic & inotropic effect [61–63] |
|
| |||||||||
| 33 |
Paeonia emodi Royle Paeoniaceae HAPPRC ASR 4172 Figure 5(g) |
Chandra | Herb | Leaves | Juice | 1 teaspoon thrice a day with water | Fever | 87 | Backache, dropsy, epilepsy,tonic, emetic, cathartic, blood purifier and colic, purgative [64] |
|
| |||||||||
| 34 |
Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth. Plantaginaceae HAPPRC ASR 4105 Figure 5(h) |
Kadwi | Herb | Root | Powder | 1/2 teaspoon thrice a day with water | Fever | 96 | Immunomodulatory, cardiotonic, antipyretic, anthelmintic, laxative and anti-asthmatic, hepatoprotective, anticholestatic, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-asthmatic and immune-regulatory functions [65, 66] |
|
| |||||||||
| 35 |
Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All Asparagaceae HAPPRC ASR 4127 Figure 5(i) |
Mahamaida/Salampanja | Herb | Rhizome | Powder | 1/2-1 teaspoon thrice a day with water | Fever | 3 | Anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antipyretic, insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiarrheal [67–70] |
|
| |||||||||
| 36 |
Potentilla lineata Trevir. Syn. Potentilla fulgens L. Rosaceae HAPPRC ASR 4173 |
Bajrdanti | Herb | Root | Powder | 1/2 teaspoon | Cleansing teeth | 26 | Anthelmintic [71] |
|
| |||||||||
| 37 |
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Rosaceae HAPPRC ASR 4177 |
Aaru | Tree | Seeds pericarp | Paste | 1/2 teaspoon | Infection after breakage of hair (Baaltod) | 2 | Anthelmintic, insecticidal, sedative, diuretic, demulcent, expectorant, vermicidal and are used in leucoderma and in piles [72] |
|
| |||||||||
| 38 |
Punica granatum L. Lythraceae HAPPRC ASR 4142 |
Anar | Tree | Fruits | Raw | 1 fruit | Anemia | 8 | Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti cancer [73, 74] |
|
| |||||||||
| 39 |
Rheum moorcroftianum Royle Polygonaceae HAPPRC ASR 4160 Figure 5(j) |
Dolu | Herb | Root | Powder, paste | 1/2 teaspoon | Internal injury, cut and wounds | 24 | Purgative,antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory [14, 75] |
|
| |||||||||
| 40 |
Rhododendron campanulatum D. Don Ericaceae HAPPRC ASR 4178 |
Syamru | Tree | Leaves | Paste with oil | 1/2 -1 teaspoon | Skin disease | 6 | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory [76] |
|
| |||||||||
| 41 |
Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Polygonaceae HAPPRC ASR 4167 |
Khuldya | Herb | Root | Powder, paste | 1/2 -1 teaspoon thrice a day with lukewarm water | Pneumonia, Cut and wounds | 1 | Antioxidant, antitumour, anti-inflammatory, purgative,[77–79] |
|
| |||||||||
| 42 |
Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. Asteraceae HAPPRC ASR 4109 |
Kuth | Herb | Root and leaves | Paste | - | Cut and wounds | 27 | Anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial [80, 81] |
|
| |||||||||
| 43 |
Saussurea obvallata (DC) Edgew Asteraceae HAPPRC ASR 4110 Figure 5(k) |
Kaunl | Herb | Aerial part | Raw | - | To keep at home for increasing immunity | 29 | Antioxidant, antimicrobial [82] |
|
| |||||||||
| 44 |
Selinum vaginatum (Edgew.) C.B. Clarke Apiaceae HAPPRC ASR 4144 |
Bhutkesh | Herb | Root | Powder | 1/2 teaspoon with water | Coolant | 2 | Antibacterial [83] |
|
| |||||||||
| 45 |
Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex C.B.Clarke Gentianaceae HAPPRC ASR 4154 Figure 5(l) |
Chiraitu | Herb | Whole plant | Powder | 1/2-1 teaspoon thrice a day with water | Fever, stomach ache | 78 | Antibacterial, antifungal, antileishmania, antimalaria, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antiviral [84–88] |
|
| |||||||||
| 46 |
Swertia ciliata (D.Don ex G.Don) B.L.Burtt Gentianaceae HAPPRC ASR 4166 |
Chirata | Herb | Aerial part | Powder | 1/2 teaspoon with water | Fever, stomach ache | 12 | Antifungal [89] |
|
| |||||||||
| 47 |
Tagetes erecta L. Asteraceae HAPPRC ASR 4147 |
Gainda | Herb | Leaves | Juice | 1-2 drops | Ear ache | 1 | Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory [90] |
|
| |||||||||
| 48 |
Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Taxaceae HAPPRC ASR 4151 |
Thuner | Tree | Bark | Tea | 1 cup once a day | High blood pressure | 25 | Immunomodulatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-convulsance activities, anti-cancer [91, 92] |
|
| |||||||||
| 49 |
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Syn. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Menispermaceae HAPPRC ASR 4132 |
Giloe | Climber | Aerial part | Juice | 1 teaspoon with water | Fever, Stomach ache | 87 | Anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, anti-toxicity [93–95] |
|
| |||||||||
| 50 |
Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae HAPPRC ASR 4130 |
Kandali | Herb | Aerial part | Raw/vegetable | - | Anaemia, remove weakness | 81 | Antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antimicrobial, anticancer, immunomodulatory [96–101] |
|
| |||||||||
| 51 |
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Rutaceae HAPPRC ASR 4107 |
Timru | Shrub | Seeds, Stem or aerial part | Powder | 1/2 teaspoon | Cleansing teeth and tooth ache | 95 | Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal [102–104] |
S.N.: serial number, Syn.: synonym, UR: use reports.