Table 1. Demographic Data, Clinical Scores, and Laboratory Parameters Related to Insulin Resistance and Hormonal Stress Axis Activation (Cortisol and Catecholamine Metabolites)a.
Median (Quartile 1-Quartile 3) | Mann-Whitney U Test | P Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Patients With Schizophrenia (n = 24) |
Controls (n = 24) |
|||
Sex, No. male/female | 13/11 | 14/10 | >.99b | |
Age, y | 31.0 (25.0-37.5) | 31.5 (25.3-37.5) | 286.0 | .98 |
PANSS P scorec | 17.0 (12.5-19.2) | NA | ||
PANSS N scorec | 9.5 (4.5-19.8) | NA | ||
PANSS G scorec | 24.5 (22.8-34.2) | NA | ||
PANSS sum scorec | 55.0 (44.0-68.2) | NA | ||
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.2 (21.0-27.4) | 24.7 (21.6-27.6) | 239.0 | .32 |
Waist-hip ratio, cm/cm | 0.87 (0.82-0.91) | 0.85 (0.81-0.91) | 295.5 | .88 |
HOMA-IR, mU*mmol/L | 0.72 (0.38-2.28) | 0.36 (0.26-0.84) | 382.0 | .02d |
Insulin, μIU/mL (to convert to picomoles per liter, multiply by 6.945) | 3.07 (1.62-7.43) | 1.79 (1.27-3.22) | 374.0 | .04d |
Glucose, mg/dL (to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555) | 89 (86-108) | 83 (79-90) | 409.0 | .01d |
Cortisol, µg/dL (to convert to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 27.588) | 26.65 (17.78-40.30) | 18.60 (15.30-24.50) | 374.0 | .04d |
Metanephrine, µg/g creatinine | 71.5 (42.9-127.1) | 42.9 (31.7-75.0) | 395.5 | .03d |
Normetanephrine, µg/g creatinine | 147.7 (89.1-217.7) | 98.7 (50.6-158.0) | 373.0 | .08 |
Smoking, cigarettes/d | 10.0 (0.25-17.00) | 0 (0-3) | 444.0 | .001d |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); G, general psychopathology scale; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; N, negative scale; P, positive scale; NA, not applicable; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome scale.
Statistical tests were 2-tailed, P < .05 was considered significant, and a P value of less than .10 was considered a statistical trend.
Fisher exact test.
Corrected scores (subtraction of minimum scores representing “no symptoms” from the PANSS scores).
Significant P values.