Table 1. Baseline Clinical, Holter, and Echocardiographic Characteristics by HAVOC Score Tertile.
| Characteristic | HAVOC Score Group No. (%) | P Valuea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N = 7112) | ≤2 (n = 4130) | 2 to 3 (n = 1115) | >3 (n = 1867) | ||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 66.9 (9.8) | 63.9 (8.1) | 62.8 (7.8) | 76.0 (8.5) | <.001 |
| Male | 4378 (62) | 2762 (67) | 653 (59) | 963 (52) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 5500 (77) | 2607 (63) | 1080 (97) | 1813 (97) | <.001 |
| Heart failure | 230 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 230 (12) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 1777 (25) | 869 (21) | 393 (35) | 515 (28) | <.001 |
| Coronary disease | 459 (6) | 18 (0) | 7 (1) | 434 (23) | <.001 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 122 (2) | 13 (0) | 50 (4) | 59 (3) | <.001 |
| Pacemaker/ICD | 37 (1) | 10 (0) | 0 (0) | 27 (1) | <.001 |
| Renal disease | 227 (3) | 91 (2) | 20 (2) | 116 (6) | <.001 |
| Height, mean (SD), cm | 166.9 (9.9) | 168.1 (9.5) | 167.4 (10.7) | 163.9 (9.9) | <.001 |
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 76.1 (16.5) | 72.2 (13.0) | 94.8 (16.5) | 73.8 (16.0) | <.001 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 27.2 (5.0) | 25.4 (3.4) | 33.8 (4.8) | 27.3 (4.9) | <.001 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score, median (IQR) | 4.0 (3.0-5.0) | 4.0 (3.0-4.0) | 4.0 (4.0-5.0) | 6.0 (5.0-6.0) | <.001 |
| HAVOC score, mean (SD) | 2.6 (1.8) | 1.4 (0.9) | 3.0 (0.0) | 4.8 (1.4) | <.001 |
| Proportion with middle cerebral artery stroke | 4504 (63) | 2630 (64) | 685 (61) | 1189 (64) | .36 |
| Baseline Rankin score, mean (SD) | 1.2 (1.0) | 1.1 (1.0) | 1.2 (1.0) | 1.3 (1.0) | <.001 |
| Baseline NIHSS score, mean (SD) | 1.4 (1.9) | 1.4 (1.9) | 1.5 (2.1) | 1.4 (1.8) | .82 |
| Asprin use prior to randomization | 5421 (76) | 3201 (78) | 889 (80) | 1331 (71) | <.001 |
| Statin use prior to randomization | 4364 (61) | 2529 (61) | 690 (62) | 1145 (61) | .92 |
| ACE/ARB use prior to randomization | 3135 (44) | 1450 (35) | 660 (59) | 1025 (55) | <.001 |
| LA volume, mean (SD), mL | 46.2 (24.8) | 43.5 (22.3) | 47.0 (24.7) | 51.2 (28.6) | <.001 |
| LA diameter, mean (SD), cm | 3.8 (1.4) | 3.7 (1.4) | 3.9 (1.0) | 3.9 (1.4) | <.001 |
| LVEF, mean (SD), % | 62.2 (8.1) | 63.1 (7.3) | 62.0 (7.6) | 60.3 (9.8) | <.001 |
| Global assessment of LV function | |||||
| Normal | 6322 (93) | 3790 (96) | 1004 (94) | 1528 (87) | NA |
| Mildly impaired | 384 (6) | 153 (4) | 61 (6) | 170 (10) | NA |
| Moderate-severe impaired | 89 (1) | 18 (0) | 6 (1) | 65 (4) | <.001 |
| LV hypertrophy reported | 1884 (27) | 840 (20) | 390 (35) | 654 (35) | <.001 |
| Diastolic dysfunction reported | 2148 (30) | 1124 (27) | 366 (33) | 658 (35) | <.001 |
| Total No. of atrial premature beats per 24 h, median (interquartile range)b | 48.0 (13.0-222.0) | 34.0 (10.0-136.0) | 34.5 (11.0-126.0) | 123.5 (28.0-548.0) | <.001 |
| Duration of cardiac rhythm monitoring, mean (SD), h | 81.7 (176.1) | 76.1 (152.4) | 102.6 (213.8) | 81.6 (197.9) | <.001 |
| Proportion of patients with >2 wk of monitoring | 431 (6) | 225 (5) | 97 (9) | 109 (6) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; IQR, interquartile range; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left-ventricular ejection fraction; NA, not applicable; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; PAC, premature atrial contraction.
a
Continuous variables: P value from analysis of variance/Kruskal-Wallis reported; categorical variables: P value from χ2/Fisher exact test reported.
b
Information available only if Holter electrocardiogram performed as a measure for cardiac rhythm monitoring.