| Intercept |
30.17 (27.31 to 33.02) |
227.33 (205.27 to 249.39) |
| Study period |
|
|
| Before default change |
1 [Reference] |
1 [Reference] |
| After default change |
−5.22 (−6.12 to −4.32) |
−34.41 (−41.36 to −27.47) |
| Age, y |
−0.01 (−0.04 to 0.04) |
−0.21 (−0.52 to 0.09) |
| Sex |
|
|
| Male |
1 [Reference] |
1 [Reference] |
| Female |
−0.50 (−1.63 to 0.63) |
−14.35 (−23.08 to −5.63) |
| Race/ethnicity |
|
|
| Asian |
2.43 (−0.71 to 5.57) |
17.17 (−7.10 to 41.44) |
| African American |
−0.04 (−1.51 to 1.43) |
−0.25 (−11.61 to 11.12) |
| Hispanic |
−1.47 (−2.90 to −0.03) |
−12.41 (−23.52 to −1.30) |
| White |
1 [Reference] |
1 [Reference] |
| Unknown/refused |
−1.28 (−5.09 to 2.53) |
−18.21 (−47.65 to 11.22) |
| Patient history |
|
|
| Substance abuse |
1.56 (−1.02 to 4.13) |
11.86 (−8.05 to 31.77) |
| Chronic pain |
1.60 (−0.26 to 3.46) |
21.49 (7.11 to 35.87) |
| Insurance status |
|
|
| Private |
1 [Reference] |
1 [Reference] |
| Medicaid |
0.99 (−0.42 to 2.40) |
10.81 (−0.10 to 21.7) |
| Medicare |
−2.06 (−3.41 to −0.70) |
−16.59 (−27.04 to −6.14) |
| Self-pay |
−0.94 (−3.58 to 1.71) |
−8.50 (−28.91 to 11.91) |
| Other |
−1.05 (−5.03 to 2.92) |
10.63 (−20.05 to 41.32) |
| Prescriber level |
|
|
| Attending physician |
1 [Reference] |
1 [Reference] |
| Fellow |
−4.18 (−7.59 to −0.76) |
−23.52 (−49.93 to 2.88) |
| Resident |
−0.65 (−2.25 to 0.94) |
8.55 (−6.14 to 23.2) |
| Advanced practice professional |
−0.10 (−2.00 to 1.80) |
−3.37 (−15.70 to 8.95) |
| Procedure type |
|
|
| Laparoscopic cholecystectomy |
1 [Reference] |
1 [Reference] |
| Thyroidectomy |
−3.77 (−5.74 to −1.80) |
−72.20 (−87.41 to −57.00) |
| Cystoscopy and treatment |
−9.59 (−11.34 to −7.80) |
−72.87 (−86.67 to −59.08) |
| Cystoureterogram with lithotripsy |
−4.52 (−6.28 to −2.75) |
−40.36 (−53.98 to 26.74) |
| Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair |
0.79 (−1.30 to 2.88) |
6.63 (−9.54 to 22.80) |
| Laparoscopic appendectomy |
−3.77 (−5.64 to −1.91) |
−32.57 (−46.98 to −18.16) |
| Partial mastectomy |
−3.83 (−5.43 to −2.24) |
−44.30 (−56.62 to −31.98) |
| Total knee arthroplasty |
13.42 (11.24 to 15.61) |
126.60 (109.74 to 143.46) |
| Parathyroidectomy |
0.64 (−1.51 to 2.78) |
−55.04 (−71.59 to −38.48) |
| Hysteroscopy and biopsy |
−14.2 (−16.50 to −11.93) |
−102.95 (−120.57 to −85.32) |
