Table 2. Potentially Confounding Covariates in 293 Participantsa.
| Variable | No. (%) | Effect Size (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ever PPI (n = 149) | Never PPI (n = 144) | ||
| Demographics | |||
| Male sex | 87 (58.4) | 90 (62.5) | 0.84 (0.53 to 1.35) |
| Premature | 51 (34.2) | 49 (34.0) | 1.01 (0.62 to 1.64) |
| Age at first VFSS, mean (SE), mo | 8.1 (0.5) | 9.2 (0.6) | 0.16 (−0.07 to 0.39) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Feeding tube | 49 (32.9) | 33 (22.9) | 1.65 (0.98 to 2.77) |
| Neurologic | 39 (26.2) | 51 (35.4) | 0.65 (0.39 to 1.07) |
| Cardiac | 19 (12.8) | 14 (9.7) | 1.36 (0.65 to 2.82) |
| Metabolic | 18 (12.2) | 19 (13.2) | 0.91 (0.46 to 1.82) |
| Symptoms | |||
| Symptoms during meals | 114 (76.5) | 106 (73.6) | 1.17 (0.69 to 1.98) |
| Symptoms after meals | 56 (37.6) | 27 (18.8) | 2.61 (1.53 to 4.45) |
| Vomiting | 48 (32.2) | 24 (16.7) | 2.38 (1.36 to 4.15) |
| Coughing | 84 (56.4) | 89 (61.8) | 0.80 (0.50 to 1.27) |
| Congestion | 32 (21.5) | 26 (18.1) | 1.24 (0.70 to 2.21) |
| Eyes watering | 2 (1.3) | 1 (0.7) | 1.95 (0.17 to 21.69) |
| Noisy breathing | 40 (26.9) | 41 (28.5) | 0.92 (0.55 to 1.54) |
| Increased work of breathing | 19 (12.8) | 19 (13.2) | 0.96 (0.49 to 1.90) |
| Choking or gagging | 61 (40.9) | 51 (35.4) | 1.26 (0.79 to 2.03) |
| Slow feeding | 14 (9.4) | 2 (1.4) | 7.36 (1.64 to 33.01) |
| Poor feeding | 35 (23.5) | 28 (19.4) | 1.27 (0.73 to 2.23) |
| Oxygen requirement | 5 (3.4) | 11 (7.6) | 0.42 (0.14 to 1.24) |
| Spells | 27 (18.1) | 26 (18.1) | 1.00 (0.55 to 1.82) |
| Pneumonia | 20 (13.4) | 14 (9.7) | 1.44 (0.70 to 2.97) |
Abbreviations: PPI, proton pump inhibitor; SE, standard error; VFSS, videofluoroscopic swallow study.
a
Data are expressed as No. (percentage) or mean (SE) with effect size expressed as odds ratio or Cohen’s d, respectively. Demographic variables and comorbidities were balanced between the two groups with no significant differences.