Table 3. Neuropsychological Outcomes.
| Test Name or Test Name by Cognitive Domain | Overall Score | Score, No./Total No. (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median (IQR) | Upper 95% CLa | P Valueb | <70 | 70-99 | ≥100 | |
| Children <6 y (n = 119) | ||||||
| Mullen Early Learning Composite | 67 (49-83) | 72 | <.001 | 65/117 (56) | 38/117 (32) | 14/117 (12) |
| Visual reception | 71 (55-91) | 80 | <.001 | 55/118 (47) | 41/118 (35) | 22/118 (19) |
| Fine motor | 72 (55-93) | 78 | <.001 | 59/118 (50) | 41/118 (35) | 18/118 (15) |
| Receptive language | 70 (55-90) | 77 | <.001 | 58/118 (49) | 46/118 (39) | 14/118 (12) |
| Expressive language | 67 (55-90) | 76 | <.001 | 61/118 (52) | 44/118 (37) | 13/118 (11) |
| Children ≥6 y (n = 41) | ||||||
| Intelligence | ||||||
| WASI full-scale IQ | 90 (79-103) | 96 | <.001 | 6/40 (15) | 23/40 (58) | 11/40 (28) |
| Vocabulary | 87 (73-102) | 93 | <.001 | 9/40 (23) | 16/40 (40) | 15/40 (38) |
| Matrix reasoning | 93 (85-105) | 99 | .01 | 5/41 (12) | 20/41 (49) | 16/41 (39) |
| Processing speed | ||||||
| WISC-IV coding/WAIS-III digit symbol | 85 (70-95) | 88 | <.001 | 9/41 (22) | 24/41 (59) | 8/41 (20) |
| Attention | ||||||
| WISC-IV coding/WAIS-III digit span total | 90 (80-100) | 92 | <.001 | 3/41 (7) | 25/41 (61) | 13/41 (32) |
| Learning and memory | ||||||
| CVLT-C (or II) list A total trials | 96 (75-111) | 101 | .06 | 9/40 (23) | 14/40 (35) | 17/40 (43) |
| CVLT-C (or II) short-delay free recall | 93 (74-100) | 93 | <.001 | 8/40 (20) | 13/40 (33) | 19/40 (48) |
| CVLT-C (or II) short-delay cued recall | 89 (70-108) | 96 | .002 | 8/40 (20) | 16/40 (40) | 16/40 (40) |
| CVLT-C (or II) long-delay free recall | 96 (78-108) | 96 | .002 | 7/40 (18) | 13/40 (33) | 20/40 (50) |
| CVLT-C (or II) long-delay cued recall | 93 (70-108) | 100 | .01 | 5/40 (13) | 18/40 (45) | 17/40 (43) |
| CVLT-C (or II) recognition | 100 (85-108) | 104 | .14 | 5/40 (13) | 10/40 (25) | 25/40 (63) |
| ROCF Immediate recall | 70 (55-84) | 79 | <.001 | 20/41 (49) | 16/41 (39) | 5/41 (12) |
| ROCF Delayed recall | 69 (55-84) | 77 | <.001 | 21/41 (51) | 17/41 (41) | 3/41 (7) |
| ROCF recognition | 91 (68-106) | 94 | .003 | 12/40 (30) | 17/40 (43) | 11/40 (28) |
| Executive functioning | ||||||
| ROCF Accuracy for copy | 62 (40-81) | 69 | <.001 | 25/41 (61) | 15/41 (37) | 1/41 (2) |
| COWA | 75 (57-91) | 82 | <.001 | 16/39 (41) | 19/39 (49) | 4/39 (10) |
| Visuomotor functioning | ||||||
| Grooved Pegboard Test, dominant hand | 85 (58-100) | 91 | <.001 | 12/38 (32) | 16/38 (42) | 10/38 (26) |
| Grooved Pegboard Test, nondominant hand | 77 (40-100) | 86 | <.001 | 16/37 (43) | 11/37 (30) | 10/37 (27) |
| VMI-5 | 77 (64-87) | 83 | <.001 | 16/41 (39) | 20/41 (49) | 5/41 (12) |
Abbreviations: CL, confidence limit; COWA, Controlled Oral Word Association; CVLT-C, California Verbal Learning Test–Children; CVLT-II, California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition; IQR, interquartile range; ROCF, Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure Test; VMI-5, Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, Fifth Edition; WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Third Edition; WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; WISC-IV, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition.
a
Upper 95% CL for Hodges-Lehmann Location Parameter for the Overall Score.
b
Overall scores compared with normative reference distribution using a Wilcoxon signed rank test.