Table 2. Perpetrator-Related and Structural Factors Correlated With Harassment Experiences.
| Characteristic | Harassed Individuals, No. (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female (n = 333) | Male (n = 168) | ||||||
| Any Form | Nonphysical | Physical | Any Form | Nonphysical | Physical | ||
| Perpetrator Characteristicsa | |||||||
| Mostly male | 287 (86.2)b | 272 (85.5)b | 96 (95.1)b | 63 (37.5)b | 63 (38.4)b | 4 (13.3)b | |
| Mostly female | 1 (0.3)b | 1 (0.3)b | 0 | 32 (19.1)b | 28 (17.1)b | 18 (60)b | |
| Both male and female | 45 (13.5)b | 45 (14.1)b | 5 (5)b | 73 (43.5)b | 73 (44.5)b | 8 (26.7)b | |
| Patientsc | 111 (32.6) | 111 (34.2)d | 39 (38.2) | 45 (25.3) | 43 (25.6)d | 13 (43.3) | |
| Relatives of patientsc | 37 (10.9) | 36 (11.1) | 14 (13.7) | 14 (7.9) | 14 (8.3) | 3 (10) | |
| Colleaguesc | 242 (71)d | 237 (73.2)e | 68 (66.7) | 143 (80.3)d | 141 (83.9)e | 24 (80) | |
| Superiorsc | 127 (37.2)b | 120 (37)b | 61 (59.8)b | 32 (18)b | 31 (18.5)b | 3 (10)b | |
| Structural Characteristicsf | |||||||
| Female Participants (n = 370) | Male Participants (n = 189) | ||||||
| Any Form | Nonphysical | Physical | Any Form | Nonphysical | Physical | ||
| Employment duration [≤5 years] | 0.8 (0.5-1.3) | 0.8 (0.5-1.2) | 0.8 (0.5-1.2) | 0.5 (0.2-0.9) | 0.4 (0.2-0.8) | 0.3 (0.2-0.9) | |
| P value | .40 | .30 | .30 | .02 | .01 | .05 | |
| Immediate team size [≥11 people] | 1.4 (0.8-2.3) | 1.4 (0.8-2.3) | 1.2 (0.8-2.1) | 1.0 (0.5-2.0) | 1.0 (0.6-2.0) | 1.8 (0.6-5.1) | |
| P value | .20 | .20 | .40 | .90 | .90 | .30 | |
| Institute/department size [≥41 people] | 0.9 (0.5-1.4) | 0.9 (0.5-1.4) | 0.9 (0.5-1.4) | 0.7 (0.4-1.4) | 0.9 (0.5-1.8) | 0.7 (0.2-1.9) | |
| P value | .60 | .60 | .60 | .40 | .80 | .50 | |
| Sex distribution team [mostly men] | 1.5 (0.8-2.9) | 1.8 (0.9-3.6) | 0.7 (0.4-1.4) | 1.6 (0.7-4.0) | 1.7 (0.7-4.3) | 2.3 (0.7-7.2) | |
| P value | .20 | .07 | .40 | .30 | .20 | .20 | |
| Sex of team leader [man] | 1.4 (0.9-2.4) | 1.6 (0.9-2.6) | 0.9 (0.5-1.5) | 1.0 (0.4-2.2) | 0.9 (0.4-1.9) | 1.4 (0.4-5.1) | |
| P value | .20 | .08 | .60 | >.99 | .70 | .60 | |
| Sex of department leader [man] | 0.7 (0.4-1.3) | 1.0 (0.6-1.7) | 0.7 (0.4-1.1) | 1.5 (0.7-3.2) | 1.4 (0.7-3.0) | 2.2 (0.6-8.6) | |
| P value | .30 | .90 | .10 | .30 | .30 | .20 | |
| Hierarchy [strong hierarchy] | 1.3 (0.8-2.0) | 1.3 (0.8-2.0) | 1.9 (1.1-3.1) | 2.3 (1.2-4.4) | 2 (1-3.8) | 2.6 (0.9-7.3) | |
| P value | .60 | .30 | .01 | .01 | .04 | .06 | |
| Knowledge of available recourse inside the hospital [no knowledge] | 0.7 (0.4-1.3) | 0.7 (0.4-1.3) | 0.8 (0.4-1.4) | 1.3 (0.6-2.9) | 1.5 (0.7-3.2) | 1.1 (0.3-3.5) | |
| P value | .30 | .30 | .40 | .50 | .30 | .90 | |
| Knowledge of available recourse outside the hospital [no knowledge] | 1.4 (0.8-2.5) | 1.2 (0.7-2.2) | 1.4 (0.8-2.6) | 0.7 (0.3-1.7) | 0.9 (0.4-2.1) | 0.8 (0.2-3.0) | |
| P value | .30 | .50 | .20 | .50 | .80 | .80 | |
| Ever had formal anti-harassment training [never had training] | 1.0 (0.5-2.2) | 1.0 (0.5-2.2) | 0.7 (0.3-1.5) | 1.6 (0.6-4.3) | 1.5 (0.5-4) | 2.5 (0.4-14) | |
| P value | .90 | .90 | .40 | .40 | .40 | .30 | |
Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio.
a
Perpetrator characteristics are expressed as absolute values (percentages) and have been analyzed as female-male bivariate comparisons using the Pearson χ2 test.
b
P < .001.
c
Multiple answers accepted.
d
P < .05.
e
P < .01.
f
Structural factors are expressed as OR (95% CI) and have been analyzed segregated by sex using multivariate models adjusted for all presented covariables. Reference outcomes are reported in brackets.