Table 1. Characteristics of Study Participantsa.
| Characteristic | Total Participants (N = 181) | CAU (n = 90) | DIL Intervention (n = 91) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 69.6 (7.2) | 69.7 (7.3) | 69.6 (7.1) |
| WHODAS 2.0 score, mean (SD)b | 17.38 (5.19) | 17.41 (4.36) | 17.35 (5.92) |
| HMMSE score, mean (SD)c | 27.83 (1.84) | 27.77 (1.85) | 27.90 (1.85) |
| GHQ-12 total score, mean (SD)d | 6.26 (1.88) | 6.29 (1.87) | 6.23 (1.90) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 67 (37.0) | 33 (36.7) | 34 (37.4) |
| Female | 114 (63.0) | 57 (63.3) | 57 (62.6) |
| Catchment area | |||
| Rural (total) | 126 (69.6) | 63 (70.0) | 63 (69.2) |
| Rural PHC | 46 | 23 | 23 |
| Rural community | 80 | 40 | 40 |
| Urban (total) | 55 (30.4) | 27 (30.0) | 28 (30.8) |
| Urban PHC | 18 | 9 | 9 |
| Urban community | 37 | 18 | 19 |
| Religion | |||
| Hindu | 53 (29.3) | 23 (25.6) | 30 (33.0) |
| Christian | 127 (70.2) | 67 (74.4) | 60 (65.9) |
| Muslim | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 1 (1.1) |
| Marital status | |||
| Never married | 6 (3.3) | 3 (3.3) | 3 (3.3) |
| Married | 77 (42.6) | 38 (42.2) | 39 (42.9) |
| Widowed | 98 (54.1) | 49 (54.5) | 49 (53.8) |
| Educational level | |||
| Illiterate | 41 (22.6) | 19 (21.1) | 22 (24.2) |
| Literate, no formal education | 37 (20.4) | 20 (22.2) | 17 (18.6) |
| Primary school | 57 (31.5) | 25 (27.8) | 32 (35.2) |
| Secondary school | 38 (21.0) | 22 (24.5) | 16 (17.6) |
| Graduate | 7 (3.9) | 3 (3.3) | 4 (4.4) |
| Professional or postgraduate | 1 (0.6) | 1 (1.1) | 0 |
| Self-reported chronic disease | |||
| Diabetes | 86 (47.5) | 45 (50) | 41 (45.1) |
| Hypertension | 132 (73.0) | 68 (75.6) | 64 (70.3) |
| Heart disease | 39 (21.5) | 18 (20) | 21 (23.1) |
| Stroke | 15 (8.3) | 8 (8.9) | 7 (7.7) |
| Kidney disease | 7 (3.9) | 4 (4.4) | 3 (3.3) |
| COPD | 10 (5.5) | 6 (6.7) | 4 (4.4) |
| Asthma | 11 (6.1) | 4 (4.4) | 7 (7.7) |
| Arthritis | 70 (38.7) | 39 (43.3) | 31 (34.1) |
| Tuberculosis | 7 (3.9) | 3 (3.3) | 4 (4.4) |
| Cancer | 2 (1.1) | 2 (2.2) | 0 |
| Mental illnesse | 7 (3.9) | 4 (4.4) | 3 (3.3) |
| Otherf | 14 (7.7) | 9 (10) | 5 (5.5) |
Abbreviations: CAU, care as usual; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DIL, depression in later life; GHQ-12, 12-item General Health Questionnaire; HMMSE, Hindi Mini-Mental State Examination; PHC, primary health care; WHODAS 2.0, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0.
Data are presented as number (percentage) of patients unless otherwise indicated.
Scores on the WHODAS 2.0 range from 12 to 60; a higher score indicates greater disability.
Scores on the HMMSE range from 0 to 30; a higher score indicates better cognitive functioning.
Scores on the GHQ-12 range from 0 to 12; a higher score indicates greater symptoms for depression and anxiety.
Patients with mental illness included 2 with anxiety disorder, 2 with insomnia, 1 with hallucinations, 1 with depression, and 1 unknown.
Patients with other self-reported chronic disease included 2 with hernia, 2 with seizure disorder, 3 with hypothyroidism, 1 with gastric ulcer, 1 with spondylitis, 1 with chronic backache, 1 with cholelithiasis, 1 with parkinsonism, 1 with blindness, and 1 with pleural effusion.