Figure 2. Forest Plots of Treatment Effectiveness and Efficacy.

A, Effectiveness of testosterone treatment in each respective study and their meta-analytical estimates. The naive estimate is based on an analysis set including the outlying study; the robust estimate is based on analysis excluding the outlying study.³⁴ The dotted vertical line signifies the “no efficacy of testosterone treatment” scenario. Square data markers indicate study effects, and their size indicates relative sample size. Error bars indicate 95% CI. Diamond data markers indicate meta-analytical effect estimates. B, Relation between testosterone treatment effectiveness and testosterone treatment efficacy, estimated by Bayesian errors-in-variables modeling. The dashed line indicates the estimated correspondence line of the efficacy and effectiveness outcomes. The vertical dotted line indicates the (robust) meta-analytical effect estimate for efficacy, and the horizontal dotted line indicates the meta-analytical effect estimate for effectiveness. The size of data markers indicates the sample size of each study. C, Efficacy of testosterone treatment (as odds ratios [ORs]) in each respective study and their meta-analytical estimates. In all panels, positive estimates represent depression-alleviating effects of testosterone treatment compared with placebo. RE indicates random effects.