Table 3. Intraoperative and Postoperative Outcomes According to Treatment Group After Time-Dependent Propensity Score Matching.
| Variable | MILS (n = 104) | Open Surgery (n = 412) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Operating time, median (range), min | 220 (150-540) | 200 (70-600) | .22 |
| Blood loss, median (range), mL | 250 (100-900) | 350 (100-950) | .04 |
| Pringle maneuver, No. (%) | 91 (87.5) | 385 (93.4) | .10 |
| Duration of Pringle maneuver, median (range), min | 45 (15-85) | 30 (10-60) | .05 |
| Intraoperative blood transfusion, No. (%) | 8 (7.7) | 31 (7.5) | .22 |
| R1 liver resection, No. (%) | 6 (5.8) | 24 (5.8) | .50 |
| Depth of liver margin, median (range), mm | 4 (0-11) | 4 (0-12) | .44 |
| Time to first flatus, median (range), d | 3 (2-6) | 5 (2-7) | .04 |
| Return to diet, median (range), d | 1 (0-4) | 1 (1-8) | .69 |
| Morbidity, No. (%) | 21 (20.2) | 94 (22.8) | .04 |
| Hemorrhage | 1 (1.0) | 8 (1.9) | .27 |
| Liver failure | 3 (2.9) | 17 (4.1) | .03 |
| Biliary fistula | 6 (5.8) | 28 (6.8) | .44 |
| Abdominal abscess | 4 (3.8) | 17 (4.1) | .36 |
| Fever | 10 (9.6) | 35 (8.5) | .24 |
| Wound infection | 3 (2.9) | 11 (2.7) | .28 |
| Pneumonia | 2 (1.9) | 6 (1.5) | .19 |
| Pleural effusion | 14 (13.5) | 35 (8.5) | .04 |
| Arrhythmia | 4 (3.8) | 8 (1.9) | .03 |
| Other cardiac complications | 2 (1.9) | 5 (1.2) | .22 |
| DVT or pulmonary embolism | 1 (1.0) | 3 (0.7) | .12 |
| Minor morbidity (Dindo-Clavien grades I-II) | 14 (13.5) | 59 (14.3) | .07 |
| Major morbidity (Dindo-Clavien grades III-V) | 7 (6.7) | 35 (8.5) | .03 |
| Mortality, No. (%) | 1 (1.0) | 3 (0.7) | .94 |
| Postoperative transfusions, No. (%) | 12 (11.5) | 64 (15.5) | .03 |
| Total transfusions, No. (%) | 16 (15.4) | 78 (18.9) | .05 |
| Length of postoperative stay, median (range), d | 3 (2-35) | 5 (4-37) | .02 |
Abbreviations: DVT, deep vein thrombosis; MILS, minimally invasive liver surgery; R1, positive resection margin.