Table. Demographic and Clinical Data of Study Participants.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | P Valuea | Missing, No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n = 58) | Schizophrenia (n = 58) | Control | Schizophrenia | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 35 (60) | 36 (62) | >.99 | NA | NA |
| Female | 23 (40) | 22 (38) | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 31.8 (7.6) | 29.5 (8.5) | .15 | NA | NA |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 24.4 (3.7) | 23.0 (5.0) | .07 | NA | NA |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 58 (100) | 52 (90) | .03b | NA | NA |
| Hispanic | 0 (0) | 5 (9) | |||
| Romani | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | |||
| Smokingc | |||||
| No | 28 (48) | 25 (43) | .73 | NA | NA |
| Yes | 30 (52) | 33 (57) | |||
| Alcoholc | |||||
| No | 42 (72) | 28 (48) | .02b | NA | NA |
| Yes | 16 (28) | 30 (52) | |||
| Cannabisc | |||||
| No | 44 (76) | 32 (55) | .04b | NA | NA |
| Yes | 14 (24) | 26 (45) | |||
| Family history of diabetes | |||||
| No | 3 (5) | 26 (45) | .04b | 49 (84) | 22 (38) |
| Yes | 6 (10) | 10 (17) | |||
| Family history of psychiatric diseased | |||||
| No | 58 (100) | 45 (78) | <.001c | NA | NA |
| Yes | 0 | 13 (22) | |||
| Previous psychiatric medication | |||||
| No | 58 (100) | 45 (78) | <.001b | NA | NA |
| Yes | 0 (0) | 13 (22)e | |||
| Age at onset of psychosis, mean (SD), y | NA | 28.4 (8.4) | NA | NA | 1 (2) |
| First antipsychoticf | |||||
| Aripiprazole | NA | 28 (48) | NA | NA | NA |
| Olanzapine | NA | 1 (2) | |||
| Risperidone | NA | 29 (50) | |||
| PRS, mean (SD) | 0.46 (0.18) | 0.49 (0.13) | .38 | 1 (2) | 7 (12) |
| HOMA2, mean (SD) | |||||
| IR | 1.04 (0.59) | 1.72 (1.77) | .004b | 4 (7) | 2 (3) |
| %B | 112.3 (44.3) | 144.5 (85.5) | .02b | 4 (7) | 2 (3) |
| %S | 131.3 (78.8) | 111.7 (83.8) | .20 | 4 (7) | 2 (3) |
| Glucose, mean (SD), mg/dL | 84.2 (10.3) | 84.8 (10.6) | .76 | 3 (5) | 2 (3) |
| Insulin, mean (SD), μIU/mL | 8.1 (4.6) | 13.6 (14.8) | .004b | 3 (5) | NA |
| Insulin resistantg | |||||
| No | 55 (95) | 49 (84) | .005b | 3 (5) | NA |
| Yes | 0 | 9 (16) | |||
| BPRS, mean (SD) | NA | 68.6 (14.9) | NA | NA | 1 (2) |
| SAPS, mean (SD) | NA | 15.2 (4.1) | NA | NA | NA |
| SANS, mean (SD) | NA | 6.4 (6.4) | NA | NA | 1 (2) |
Abbreviations: %B, beta cell function (%); BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; HOMA2, the updated Homeostasis Model Assessment; IR, insulin resistance; NA, not applicable; PRS, schizophrenia polygenic risk score; SANS, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; SAPS, Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms; %S, insulin sensitivity (%).
SI conversion factors: To convert glucose to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555; insulin to picomoles per liter, multiply by 6.945.
Data were analyzed using t test for continuous variables and Fisher exact test or χ2 test for categorical variables. P values were obtained by permutation testing (N = 1000 permutations).
Significant (<.05) P value.
Self-reported.
Assessed using the Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History.
Antidepressant; mean (SD) duration, 7.8 (8.3) days.
Antipsychotic treatment was initiated after baseline data collection and used for determining switching medication status in Figure, C.
Based on the fasting insulin criteria (≥25 μIU/mL).