. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018 Dec 19;58(10):961–970. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.10.011

Table 2.

Longitudinal Family Functioning and Conflict Models

Multilevel Multivariate Linear Model	Least Square Means (SE)			Group Contrast	Cohen’s d	Z	p

FACES Subscales	1. Offspring of bipolar Parents (n=481)	2. Offspring of Parents w/ Non-bipolar Psychopathology (n=162)	3. Offspring of Healthy Parents (n=175)

Cohesion Child Report	54.9 (0.5)^a	55.6 (1.0)^a	60.0 (0.8)^b	1 vs. 3	0.46	5.46	<0.0001
				2 vs. 3	0.39	3.65	0.0001

Adaptability Child Report	43.0 (0.4)^a	42.8 (0.7)^a	45.4 (0.5)^b	1 vs. 3	0.28	3.81	0.0001
				2 vs. 3	0.31	3.09	0.001

Cohesion Parent Report	56.1 (0.7)^a	57.0 (1.0)^a	62.3 (0.8)^b	1 vs. 3	0.60	6.20	<0.0001
				2 vs. 3	0.57	4.48	<0.0001

Adaptability Parent Report	43.8 (0.5)^a	44.2 (0.7)^a	46.2 (0.6)^b	1 vs. 3	0.34	3.14	0.0008
				2 vs. 3	0.33	2.29	0.01

Generalized Estimating Equations	Least Square Means (SE)			Group Contrast	Cohen’s d	Z	p

CBQ Subscales	1. Offspring of bipolar Parents (n=481)	2. Offspring of Parents w/ Non-bipolar Psychopathology (n=162)	3. Offspring of Healthy Parents (n=175)

Total Score Child about Mother	3.8 (1.0)^a	3.8 (1.1)^a	2.6 (1.1)^b	1 vs. 3	0.29	4.05	<0.0001
				2 vs. 3	0.32	3.46	0.0003

Total Score Child about Father	4.5 (1.1)^a	4.7 (1.1)^a	3.5 (1.1)^b	1 vs. 3	0.20	2.49	0.006
				2 vs. 3	0.26	2.29	0.01

Total Score Parent Summary	6.5 (1.0)^a	5.7 (1.1)^a	3.8 (1.1)^b	1 vs. 3	0.51	6.45	<0.0001
				2 vs. 3	0.44	4.44	<0.0001

Note: Values with differing superscripts (a or b) indicate that groups significantly differ after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Models covaried for age at assessment, presence vs. absence of both biological parents in household, age of mother at time of offspring birth, offspring diagnostic grouping (bipolar disorder (BD) vs. non-BD psychopathology vs. healthy), and socioeconomic status. CBQ = Conflict Behavior Questionnaire; FACES = Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale-II.; SE = standard error..