Table 1.
Upregulated lncRNAs in CCA
| LncRNA | Cancer | Clinicopathologic Characteristics | Function | Possible Mechanism | Clinical Relevance | Reference | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TNM stagea | PORa | OSa | other | Promoting CCA cell proliferation, metastasis and inhibiting apoptosis | Enhancing EMT | Unfavorable prognostic biomarker | Potential therapeutic target | ||||
| AFAP1-AS1 | CCA | √ | - | √ | - | √ | - | 1. Decreasing the expression of c-Myc, Cyclin D1, MMP-2 and MMP-9; 2. Decreasing the AFAP1 expression and promoting cell stress filament integrity | √ | √ | 34, 35 |
| ASAP1-IT1 | CCA | √ | √ | - | - | √ | √ | Interacting with hedgehog signaling pathway | √ | √ | 36 |
| CCAT1 | CCA and ICC | √ | - | √ | Associated with histological differentiation | √ | √ | Sponging to miR-152 as ceRNA | Independent prognostic factor | √ | 30, 31 |
| CCAT2 | CCA | √ | √ | √ | Linked to tumor size | √ | √ | - | √ | √ | 37, 38 |
| CPS1‑IT1 | ICC | √ | √ | - | Associated with poor liver function | √ | √ | Co‑expressed with host gene CPS1 | √ | √ | 33 |
| EPIC1 | CCA | - | - | - | - | √ | - | Directly interacting with Mys | - | - | 69 |
| H19 | CCA | √ | √ | √ | Linked to tumor size | √ | √ | Activing IL-6 by sponging to let-7a/let-7b as ceRNA; | √ | √ | 23, 39 |
| HULC | CCA | - | - | - | - | √ | - | Activing CXCR4 by sponging to miR-372/miR-373 as ceRNA | - | √ | 23 |
| HOTAIR | CCA | √ | √ | - | Linked to tumor size | √ | √ | - | √ | √ | 74 |
| LINC01296 | CCA | √ | - | - | - | √ | - | Modulating MYCN transcription by sponge miR-5095 as ceRNA | - | √ | 40 |
| LncRNAs of ENST00000588480.1 and ENST00000517758.1 | CCA | √ | √ | - | - | √ | - | Affecting signaling pathway including p53 signaling pathway | √ | √ | 41 |
| MALAT1 | CCA and HCCA | √ | - | - | Linked to tumor size | √ | √ | 1.Activing PI3K/Akt pathway; 2. miR-204-dependent CXCR4 regulation as ceRNA | √ | √ | 42, 43 |
| NEAT1 | CCA | - | - | - | - | √ | √ | 1.BAP1 protein dependent; 2. Inhibiting E-cadherin expression by EZH2 | √ | Modulating sensitivity to gemcitabine | 44, 45 |
| PANDAR | CCA | √ | √ | - | - | √ | √ | - | √ | √ | 46 |
| PCAT1 | ECC | - | - | - | - | √ | - | Enhancing Wnt/β-catenin signaling through miR-122 repression and WNT1 expression | - | √ | 51 |
| PVT1 | CCA | - | - | - | - | √ | - | Binding to epigenetic modification complexes, adjusting the expression of ANGPTL4 | - | √ | 66 |
| SNHG1 | CCA | - | - | - | - | √ | - | Modulating cancer-related gene like CDKN1A by co-operating with chromatin-modifying enzymes as EZH2 | √ | √ | 47 |
| Sox2ot | CCA | √ | √ | - | - | √ | - | - | Independent prognostic factor | √ | 29 |
| SPRY4-IT1 | CCA | √ | - | - | - | √ | √ | Recruiting EZH2, LSD1 or DNMT1 via sponging to miR-101-3p | √ | √ | 48 |
| TLINC | ICC | - | - | - | - | Increasing cell migration | - | Infecting cell inflammatory microenvironment induced by TGF-β | - | - | 50 |
| TP73-AS1 | CCA | √ | - | - | Linked to tumor size | √ | - | Suppressing caspase-3 and caspase-9. | - | √ | 49 |
| T-UCRs | CCA | - | - | - | - | √ | - | Downstream of Wnt pathway and sponging to miR-193b | √ | √ | 59 |
| TUG1 | CCA | √ | √ | √ | Linked to tumor size | √ | √ | TUG1/miR-145/Sirt3/GDH regulatory network as ceRNA | √ | √ | 24, 75 |
| UCA1 | CCA | √ | √ | - | - | √ | √ | 1.Facilitating apoptosis via Bcl-2/caspase-3 pathway.2. Activating AKT/GSK-3β/CCND1 axis 3. Upregulating MMP-9 | √ | √ | 32, 76 |
a POR: postoperative recurrence; OS: overall survival; TNM stage:T tumor, N node, M metastasis stage; b√ There exists an association of LncRNA; - Unknown