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. 2019 Jun 20;6:21. doi: 10.1186/s40580-019-0190-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 10 — Electrokinetic driven 3D photonic crystals a Schematic representation of the changes in an array of charged particles under different electric fields. b Changes in reflective colors exhibited by a single device with various voltage bias. c Profiles of peak reflectance as a function of time under different DC bias excitation. d (i) A digital photo of CeO₂ particles. (ii) a X-ray diffraction pattern of CeO₂ particles. (iii) a TEM image of CeO₂ particles. e (i) Working mechanism of the electrically tunable photonic crystals prepared from propylene carbonate solution of CeO₂, SiO₂, and SiO₂ coated CeO₂ colloidal particles. (ii) Optical microscope images for the photonic crystal under various voltages. (iii) CIE color space showing tunable range of photonic colors in different electric fields

(Figure reproduced from a [76], Copyright 2013, The Royal Society of Chemistry; b, c [75], Copyright 2010, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; d, e [77], Copyright 2018, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)