FIG 3.
Tumor-associated angiogenesis and vascular flow. (A) A two-dimensional (2D) cellular automaton model of sprouting angiogenesis used to study drug delivery from tumor vasculatures. Reprinted with permission from McDougall et al.53 (B) A 2D cellular Potts model of angiogenesis. Stalk cells can overtake tip cells to become new tip cells. The arrows show these role swaps. Reprinted with permission from Boas and Merks.55 (C) A 3D cellular Potts model of sprouting angiogenesis driven by vascular endothelial growth factor released by hypoxic tumor cells. Adapted with permission from Shirinifard et al.56 (D) A 2D cellular automaton model (left) to investigate drug delivery to simulated tumors (right). Adapted with permission from Cai et al.57 (E) A discrete angiogenesis model of McDougall et al53 combined with a continuum tumor growth model58 used to investigate the effect of interstitial fluid pressure and lymphatic drainage on therapeutic delivery. Shown are tumor and the discrete vasculature (left); fluid extravasation from blood and lymphatic vessels (middle); and interstitial fluid velocity (right), which hinders drug delivery. Adapted with permission from Wu et al.59