Table 2.
Generalized linear regression results for livestock management and spatial variables using “livestock MDR”a as dependent variable.
| Variables | Unadjusted estimate |
Adjusted estimate |
|---|---|---|
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |
| Number of livestock at home | −0.07 (−0.16–0.01) | – |
| Livestock come in contact with livestock from other households | 0.09 (−0.17–0.35) | – |
| Number of livestock managed | 0.00(−0.01–0.01) | – |
| Livestock and wildlife share a water source | −0.27 (−0.71–0.20) | – |
| Communal graze | 0.05 (−0.21–0.31) | – |
| Graze change occurs if livestock are sick | −0.03 (−0.31–0.24) | – |
| Vaccinations | −0.12 (−0.33–0.07)⁎ | – |
| Number of measures taken to avoid disease | 0.08 (−0.17–0.34) | – |
| Household withdrawal of milk or meat from livestock treated with antimicrobials | −0.08 (−0.34–0.18) | – |
| Antibiotic use | 0.05 (−0.12–0.21) | – |
| Time to sales yard: | ||
| <1 h | 0.00 (−) | - |
| <1 day | 0.11 (−0.15–0.38) | - |
| >1 day | 0.05 (−0.39–0.45) | – |
| >2 days | −0.09 (−0.69–0.42) | – |
| Nearest village distance (km) | −0.06 (−0.13–0.16) | −0.012 (−0.09-0.06) |
| Median neighbourhood MDR 3000 m, | 4.41 (2.54–6.35)⁎ | 4.33(2.41–6.32)** |
| Median neighbourhood MDR 4000 m, | 4.39 (2.52–6.34)⁎ | – |
⁎
P < 0.05
a
Livestock MDR refers to the prevalence of isolates measured per household that were resistant to three or more antibiotics.