Table 3.
Mean and standard deviations of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) sub-components.
| WCST scores, mean (SD) | Good balance (N = 71) | Fair balance (N = 72) | Poor balance (N = 69) | F | df | P-value | Partial Eta squared |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total errors | 12.5 (3.6) | 12.7 (4.5) | 14.0 (4.9) | 1.633 | 2, 207 | 0.379 | 0.009 |
| Perseverative responses (%) | 20.0 (4.0) | 19.7 (3.8) | 20.3 (4.4) | 0.201 | 2, 207 | 0.650 | 0.004 |
| Perseverative errors | 8.1 (2.7) | 7.8 (2.5) | 8.8 (3.2) | 0.931 | 2, 207 | 0.188 | 0.016 |
| Trials to complete first category | 12.2 (3.3) | 13.5 (4.6) | 15.7 (9.0) | 9.157 | 2, 207 | 0.004 | 0.053 |
| Conceptual level responses (%) | 47.3 (5.3) | 47.2 (6.5) | 44.7 (7.4) | 3.581 | 2, 207 | 0.136 | 0.019 |
| Failure to maintain set | 0.63 (0.9) | 0.72 (0.9) | 0.93 (1.0) | 1.426 | 2, 207 | 0.212 | 0.015 |
(1) MANCOVAS were used to compare mental flexibility performance of groups controlling for age and education and Bonferroni p-value adjustments were applied. (2) Significant results from univariate tests are shown in bold.