Table 2. Patients’ Demographic and Clinical Characteristics.
| Source | Year | Patients, No. | Subgroup | Age, Mean (SD), y | Male, No. (%) | Current Smoker, No. (%) | BMI, Mean (SD) | Total Cholesterol, Mean (SD), mg/dL | Baseline 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level, Mean (SD), ng/mL | Statin User, No. (%) | Systolic Blood Pressure, mm Hg, Mean (SD) | Hypertension, No. (%) | Diabetes, No. (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aloia et al25 | 1988 | 17 | Vitamin D | 64.1 (1.5) | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 21.9 (7) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 17 | Placebo | 64.9 (1.7) | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 26.6 (12) | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Ott et al23 | 1989 | 43 | Vitamin D | 67.9 (1.0) | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 26.7 (1.9) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 43 | Placebo | 67.1 (1.2) | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 26.3 (2.4) | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Komulainen et al29 | 1999 | 112 | Vitamin D | 53 (0.3) | 0 | NA | 27.2 (0.3) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4 (3.6) |
| 115 | Placebo | 53 (0.3) | 0 | NA | 26.6 (0.4) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3 (3) | ||
| STOP IT/Gallagher et al34 | 2001 | 245 | Vitamin D or vitamin D plus HRT | 71 (3.5) | 0 | NA | 27.3 (5) | NA | 31.2 (11) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 244 | Placebo or placebo plus HRT | 71.4 (4) | 0 | NA | 27.4 (6) | NA | 32 (10) | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Trivedi et al35 | 2003 | 1345 | Vitamin D | 74.8 (4.6) | 1019 (75.8) | 59 (4.4) | 24.3 (3.4) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 1341 | Placebo | 74.7 (4.6) | 1018 (75.9) | 53 (4.0) | 24.4 (3.0) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| RECORD/Grant et al32 | 2005 | 2649 | Vitamin D or vitamin D plus calcium | 77 (6) | 409 (15.4) | 298 (11.2) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2643 | Placebo and calcium | 77 (6) | 402 (15.2) | 320 (12.1) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Brazier et al33 | 2005 | 95 | Vitamin D plus calcium | 74.2 (6.4) | 0 | NA | 27.0 (4.4) | NA | 7.3 | NA | 138 (11) | NA | NA |
| 97 | Placebo | 75.0 (7.3) | 0 | NA | 26.4 (4.3) | NA | 7.0 | NA | 138 (14) | NA | NA | ||
| WHI/Jackson et al27 | 2006 | 18 176 | Vitamin D plus calcium | 62.4 (7.0) | 0 | 1405 (7.7) | 29.1 (5.9) | 208.1 | NA | 1178 (6.5) | 127 (17) | 5447 (30.0) | 1055 (5.8) |
| 18 106 | Placebo | 62.4 (6.9) | 0 | 1356 (7.5) | 29.0 (5.9) | 208.1 | NA | 1149 (6.3) | 128 (17) | 5476 (30.2) | 1036 (5.7) | ||
| Schleithoff et al30 | 2006 | 61 | Vitamin D | 57.6 (7.5) | 52 (85.2) | 9 (14.8) | 26.3 (3.8) | NA | Median (IQR), 15.2 (12.0-22.1) | 53 (86.9) | 120 (6) | 38 (62.3) | 20 (32.8) |
| 62 | Placebo | 55.3 (9) | 50 (80.6) | 7 (11.3) | 26 (3.1) | NA | Median (IQR), 15.2 (12.0-22.1) | 42 (67.7) | 125 (8) | 32 (51.6) | 23 (37.1) | ||
| Berggren et al28 | 2007 | 102 | Vitamin D | 82.3 (6.6) | 28 (27.5) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 23 (22.5) |
| 97 | Placebo | 82.0 (5.9) | 23 (23.7) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 17 (17.5) | ||
| Zhu et al22 | 2008 | 39 | Vitamin D plus calcium | 75.4 (2.7) | 0 | NA | 27.6 (4) | NA | 26.8 (10.4) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 81 | Placebo or calcium | 74.4 (2.4) | 0 | NA | 28.2 (4.1) | NA | 28 (10.4) | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Prince et al20 | 2008 | 151 | Vitamin D plus calcium | 77.0 (4.2) | 0 | NA | 29.6 (3.5) | NA | 18.1 (5.0) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 151 | Placebo plus calcium | 77.4 (5.0) | 0 | NA | 28.2 (3.2) | NA | 17.7 (5.1) | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Vital D/Sanders et al24 | 2010 | 1131 | Vitamin D | 76.4 (5.7) | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 53 (7) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 1125 | Placebo | 76.5 (5) | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 47 (5) | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Lehouck et al31 | 2012 | 91 | Vitamin D | 68 (9) | 72 (79.1) | 13 (14.3) | 25 (5) | NA | 20 (12) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 91 | Placebo | 68 (8) | 73 (80.2) | 19 (20.9) | 24 (5) | NA | 20 (11) | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| VitDISH/Witham et al21 | 2013 | 80 | Vitamin D | 76.9 (4.8) | 40 (50.0) | NA | 28.5 (5.0) | 189 (46) | 18 (6) | 41 (51.3) | 136 (11) | 80 (100.0) | 11 (13.9) |
| 79 | Placebo | 76.7 (4.5) | 42 (53.2) | NA | 27.9 (4.5) | 193 (42) | 18 (6) | 46 (58.2) | 133 (11) | 79 (100.0) | 11 (13.9) | ||
| OPERA/Wang et al26 | 2014 | 30 | Vitamin D | 60.8 (10.2) | 18 (60.0) | 3 (10.0) | 26.6 (4.4) | 167 (39) | NA | 18 (60.0) | 131 (19) | 30 (100.0) | 8 (26.7) |
| 30 | Placebo | 62.2 (10.7) | 14 (46.7) | 3 (10.0) | 26.2 (4.5) | 185 (41) | NA | 20 (66.7) | 135 (15) | 30 (100.0) | 13 (43.3) | ||
| Baron et al19 | 2015 | 1130 | Vitamin D plus calcium | 58.1 (7) | 712 (63.0) | 119 (10.5) | 28.9 (5.0) | NA | 24.7 (8) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 1129 | Placebo plus calcium | 58.0 (7) | 711 (63.0) | 96 (8.5) | 29.2 (5.1) | NA | 24.4 (8) | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| EVITA/Zitterman et al15 | 2017 | 199 | Vitamin D | 55 (10) | 166 (83.4) | NA | 27.8 (1.7) | NA | 13 (3) | 113 (56.8) | 115 (19) | 57 (28.6) | 51 (26.7) |
| 201 | Placebo | 54 (8) | 166 (82.6) | NA | 27.9 (2.1) | NA | 14 (3) | 105 (52.2) | 117 (18) | 63 (31.3) | 46 (22.9) | ||
| VIDA/Scragg et al16 | 2017 | 2558 | Vitamin D | 65.9 (8.3) | 1512 (59.1) | 164 (6.4) | 27.9 (4.2) | 185 (42) | 25.5 (9.5) | NA | 139 (19) | 955 (37.3) | 265 (10.4) |
| 2550 | Placebo | 65.9 (8.3) | 1457 (57.1) | 156 (6.1) | 27.9 (5.7) | 189 (42) | 25.2 (9.4) | NA | 139 (19) | 930 (36.5) | 239 (9.4) | ||
| J-DAVID/Shoji et al14 | 2018 | 488 | Vitamin D | 65 (10.4) | 301 (61.7) | NA | 21.1 (3) | 153 (32) | NA | 77 (15.8) | 145 (22) | NA | NA |
| 476 | Placebo | 65 (9.67) | 277 (58.2) | NA | 21.1 (3) | 150 (29) | NA | 81 (17.0) | 147 (19) | NA | NA | ||
| VITAL/Manson et al13 | 2018 | 12 927 | Vitamin D | 67.1 (7.0) | 6380 (49.4) | 921 (7.1) | 28.1 (5.7) | NA | 30.9 (10) | 4822 (37.3) | NA | 6352 (49.1) | 1812 (14.0) |
| 12 944 | Placebo | 67.1 (7.1) | 6406 (49.5) | 915 (7.1) | 28.1 (5.8) | NA | 30.8 (10) | 4702 (36.3) | NA | 6439 (49.7) | 1737 (13.4) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); EVITA, Effect of Vitamin D on All-Cause Mortality in Heart Failure Patients; HRT, hormone therapy; IQR, interquartile range; J-DAVID, Japan Dialysis Active Vitamin D; NA, not available; OPERA, Oral Paricalcitol in Retarding Cardiac Hypertrophy, Reducing Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Stage 3-5 Chronic Kidney Disease; RECORD, Randomized Evaluation of Calcium or Vitamin D; STOP IT, Estrogen and Calcitriol in the Prevention of Age-Related Bone Loss; VIDA, Vitamin D Assessment; VITAL, Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial; VITDISH, Vitamin D in Isolated Systolic Hypertension; WHI, Women’s Health Initiative.