Table 4.

Standardized regression coefficients of the Motivational Total Mediation Model of homework.

Standardized direct effects	Standardized regression weights	Standard error	Critical ratio	Probability P<	Effect size d
Total sample
PPHWI → SAM	0.192	0.041	4.038	<0.000	0.302
PTHWI → SAM	0.501	0.065	7.860	<0.000	0.608
SAM → SHWE	0.953	0.054	16.913	<0.000	1.605
PPHWI ↔ PTHWI	0.399	0.051	7.096	<0.000	0.544
Gender samples
Females (n = 383)
PPHWI → SAM	0.250	0.050	4.001	<0.000	0.417
PTHWI → SAM	0.461	0.071	5.701	<0.000	0.536
SAM → SHWE	0.950	0.072	12.450	<0.000	1.649
PPHWI ↔ PTHWI	0.331	0.071	4.652	<0.000	0.489
Males (n = 294)
PPHWI → SAM	0.116	0.076	1.429	0.153	0.167
PTHWI → SAM	0.501	0.126	4.659	<0.000	0.564
SAM → SHWE	0.942	0.084	10.278	<0.000	1.497
PPHWI ↔ PTHWI	0.449	0.079	4.678	<0.000	0.567
Grade samples
7th–8th (n = 346)
PPHWI → SAM	0.129	0.065	1.724	0.085	0.186
PTHWI → SAM	0.596	0.164	4.965	<0.000	0.554
SAM → SHWE	0.951	0.078	12.150	<0.000	1.725
PPHWI ↔ PTHWI	0.386	0.060	4.202	<0.000	0.463
9th–10th (n = 384)
PPHWI → SAM	0.212	0.057	3.345	<0.000	0.346
PTHWI → SAM	0.402	0.077	4.927	<0.000	0.519
SAM → SHWE	0.886	0.076	10.730	<0.000	1.308
PPHWI ↔PTHWI	0.272	0.067	3.782	<0.000	0.393

PPHWI (Perceived Parental Homework Involvement), PTHWI (Perceived Teacher Homework Involvement), SAM (Student Autonomous Motivation), SHWE (Student Homework Engagement). Effect (→), relationship (↔).