. 2019 Jun 13;6:87. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00087

Table 2.

Effect of obesity on muscle anabolic signaling.

AMINO ACID INFUSION STUDIES
Experiment	Populations studied	Conditions		Basal OB vs. CON	OB Postprandial vs. basal	Postprandial OB vs. CON
Murton et al. (59)	Older men	Hyper-AA		↔ mTOR^S2448	↑ mTOR^S2448	↔ mTOR^S2448
	OB vs. HW(CON)	hyperinsulinemia
Chevalier et al. (61)	Young men	Hyper-AA		↔ p70S6K^T389	↑ p70S6K^T389	↓ p70S6K^T389
	OB vs. HW (CON)	hyperinsulinemia		↔ rpS6^S240/244	↑ rpS6^S240/244	↔ rpS6^S240/244
				↔ 4EBP1^S65	↑ 4EBP1^S65	↔ 4EBP1^S65
Tran et al. (41)	Young men	Hyper-AA		↑ mTOR^S2448	↔ mTOR^S2448	↑ mTOR^S2448
	OB vs. HW (CON)			↔ p70S6K^T389	↑ p70S6K^T389	↑ p70S6K^T389
				↔ eIF2^S51	↔ eIF2^S51	↔ eIF2^S51
Williamson et al. (71)	OB,T2D vs. HW (CON)	Hyperinsulinemia		↔ REDD1	↔ REDD1	↑ REDD1
				↑ p70S6K^T389	↓ p70S6K^T389	↔ p70S6K^T389
				↓ 4EBP1^T37/46	↔ 4EBP1^T37/46	↓ 4EBP1^T37/46
PROTEIN INGESTION STUDIES
Experiment	Populations studied	Protein source		Basal OB vs. CON	OB Postprandial vs. basal	Postprandial OB vs. CON
Beals et al. (42)	Young adults	Lean pork (36 g)		↑ mTOR^S2448	↔ mTOR^S2448	↔ mTOR^S2448
	OB, OW vs. HW (CON)			↔ p70S6K^T389	↑ p70S6K^T389	↑ p70S6K^T389
Gran et al. (84)	Middle-aged men	Dairy protein (31 g)		N/A	↑ mTOR^S2448	↔ mTOR^S2448
	OB w/MetS vs. Non-OB (CON)				↔ p70S6K^T389	↓ p70S6K^T389
					↑ rpS6^S240/244	↔ rpS6^S240/244
		Soy protein (31 g)		N/A	↔ mTOR^S2448	↔ mTOR^S2448
					↔ p70S6K^T389	↓ p70S6K^T389
					↔ rpS6^S240/244	↔ rpS6^S240/244
EXERCISE STUDIES
Experiment	Populations studied	Protein source	Exercise bout	Basal OB vs. CON	OB Postexercise vs. rest^*	Postexercise OB vs. CON
Hulston et al. (72)	Young adults	N/A	Unilateral knee	↔ mTOR^S2448	↑ mTOR^S2448	↔ mTOR^S2448
	OB vs. HW (CON)		extension 4	↔ p70S6K^T389	↑ p70S6K^T389	↔ p70S6K^T389
			sets at 70% 1RM	↔ 4EBP1^T37/46	↑ 4EBP1^T37/46	↔ 4EBP1^T37/46
Beals et al. (40)	Young adults	Lean pork (36 g)	Unilateral knee	↑ mTOR^S2448	↔ mTOR^S2448	↔ mTOR^S2448
	OB vs. HW (CON)		extension 4 sets	↑ p70S6K^T389	↔ p70S6K^T389	↓ p70S6K^T389
			at 65–70% 1RM	↔ 4EBP1^T37/46	↔ 4EBP1^T37/46	↓ 4EBP1^T37/46

OB, obese; CON, control group; HW, healthy-weight; OW, overweight; AA, amino acids; mTORC1, mechanistic target of rapamycin; p70S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase; rpS6, ribosomal protein S6; 4EBP1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1; eIF2, eukaryotic initiation factor 2; REDD1, regulated in development and DNA damage 1; MetS, metabolic syndrome; ↔, No change/difference; ↑, increased/greater; ↓, decreased/lower; 1RM, one-repetition maximum strength.

Resting measurement was performed in contralateral non-exercised leg.